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\author{junyitor}
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  /Title (animal-communication-do-animals-have-a-language.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (junyitor)
  /Subject (Animal Communication - Do animals have a language? Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Animal Communication - Do animals have a language? Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{junyitor} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/30616/cs/9154/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}junyitor \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th September, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tutorial Questions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{a. In each of the pairs below, one statement is typical of human language (HL) while the other is more characteristic of animal communication (AC). Mark them HL and AC respectively.}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
i. The system produces an unlimited number of novel utterances. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
ii. There is a closed repertory of distinctive utterances. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
iii. The topic of communication is present in the immediate environment of the utterance. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
iv. The system is acquired by learning. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
v. The system is transmitted through genetic inheritance. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
vi. The connection between signal and its meaning is arbitrary and conventional. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
vii. The connection between signal and its meaning is iconic and natural. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\emph{b.  Wolves express subtle emotions by different positions of ears, lips and tail. There are 11 postures of the tail expressing things like self-confidence, lack of tension, depression, defensiveness, active submission etc. This is a complex system! Suppose there were a thousand different emotion wolves could express in this way. Do they have language similar to humans? If not, why not?}}  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 8)
b.While the outward expression of emotions {\bf{can certainly communicate information about our mental states}}, these expressions lack the full complexity of a fully formed human language.  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 4)
- emotion is something we use to communicate key experiences with others. We do this {\emph{through many non-linguistic means}}, including facial expression, touch, and tone (and of course music!). But forcing emotion to fit into a linear, time-sequenced, grammatical linguistic format {\bf{betrays the quality of the emotional experience itself}} \newline % Row Count 36 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tutorial Questions (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-Emotions are {\emph{very broad}} and one can map to may different experiences, and don't come close to the well-defined, discrete units (phonemes, morphemes, phrases, etc...) that make up language.-% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Charles Hockett's Design Features}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In 1960, the linguistic anthropologist {\emph{Charles Francis Hockett}} conducted a pioneering featural study of language. In the study, he listed 13 design features that he deemed to be {\bf{universal across the world's languages}}. More importantly, these features {\emph{distinguished human language from animal communication}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Arbitrariness \newline 2. Creativity/ Productivity  \newline 3. Cultural Transmission \newline 4. Discreteness \newline 5. Displacement \newline Prevarication}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}