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% Document Info
\author{junyitor}
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  /Title (animal-communication-and-language.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (junyitor)
  /Subject (Animal communication and language Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Animal communication and language Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{junyitor} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/30616/cs/9194/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}junyitor \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/junyitor} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th September, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Goals}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- describe some systems of communication used in the animal world \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- evaluate the extent to which natural animal communications satisfy the design features of human language \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- discuss the ability of members of other species to learn human language \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- introduce some theories on the origins of human language% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tutorial Questions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a. {\emph{In each of the pairs below, one statement is typical of human language (HL) while the other is more characteristic of animal communication (AC). Mark them HL and AC respectively.}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
i. The system produces an unlimited number of novel utterances. {\bf{HL}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
ii. There is a closed repertory of distinctive utterances.{\bf{AC}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
iii. The topic of communication is present in the immediate environment of the utterance. {\bf{AC}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
iv. The system is acquired by learning. {\bf{HL}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
v. The system is transmitted through genetic inheritance. {\bf{AC}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
vi. The connection between signal and its meaning is arbitrary and conventional. {\bf{HL}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
vii. The connection between signal and its meaning is iconic and natural.{\bf{aC}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\emph{b.  Wolves express subtle emotions by different positions of ears, lips and tail. There are 11 postures of the tail expressing things like self-confidence, lack of tension, depression, defensiveness, active submission etc. This is a complex system! Suppose there were a thousand different emotion wolves could express in this way. Do they have language similar to humans? If not, why not?}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 8)
- NO No: emotion does not have a grammar or syntax, or a linear aspect as language does. It is not analytic -{}- it does not break down concepts into smaller pieces for combination and re-combination in different forms. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tutorial Questions (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- emotion is something we use to communicate key experiences with others. We do this through many non-linguistic means, including facial expression, touch, and tone  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- but forcing emotion to fit into a linear, time-sequenced, grammatical linguistic format betrays the quality of the emotional experience itself, which is why linguistic names for emotions never quite capture them% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Communication Systems}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- If animals have the capacity to acquire human language this would count as evidence that language is not a peculiarity of human beings. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- It would argue that language is {\bf{not encoded in a module in the brain}} entirely separated from general intelligence, or that it is stored and processed separately in the brain.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
- It could only be concluded that animals {\emph{lack the necessary genetic or neurological requirements}}.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
- If we can show that {\emph{non-human animal communication systems}} exist that share the features of human language, and that our closest relative have systems that {\emph{most resemble human language}},  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
- this would count in favor of the {\bf{evolution of language from animal communication systems}},  and that language differs in degree rather than kind from these other systems.  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
- not finding such evidence does not, however, argue against an evolutionary story: it may be that no living species are sufficiently close to us biologically to reveal the continuity% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}