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\author{julescrisfulla}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-unit-3-cell-energetics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (julescrisfulla)
  /Subject (AP Bio Unit 3: Cell Energetics Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Unit 3: Cell Energetics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{julescrisfulla} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122651/cs/22886/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}julescrisfulla \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/julescrisfulla} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th May, 2020.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzymes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{proteins (and RNA)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{organic catalysts that lower the required activation energy to get reactants to products} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{facilitate chemical reactions:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} increase rate of reaction without being consumed} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} reduce activation energy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} do not change free energy released or required} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{substrate:} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} reactant which binds to enzyme} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{product:} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} end result of reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{active site:} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} enzyme's catalytic site: substrate fits into actives site} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pH}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{changes in pH:} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} adds or removes H+} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} disrupts bond, disrupts 3D shape} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} disrupts attractions between charged amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} affects 2' and 3' structure} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} denatures protein} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.58804 cm} x{2.38896 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Activators}}  \tn
% Row 0
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cofactors: & coenzymes: \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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small, inorganic compounds and ions & organic compounds \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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binds with enzyme & bind to enzymes near active site \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe & vitamins (NAD, FAD, Coenzyme A) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Allosteric Regulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{conformational changes by regulatory molecules} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{inhibitors: keeps enzyme in inactive form} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{activators: keeps enzyme in active form} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolic Pathways}}  \tn
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catabolic pathways: & metabolic pathways: \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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release energy & consume energy \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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cellular respiration & photosynthesis \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transformation of Energy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{sunlight -\textgreater{} chemical bonds during photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33427 cm} x{1.28156 cm} x{0.96117 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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 & exergonic: & \seqsplit{endergonic:} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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positive / negative G free energy: & negative & \seqsplit{positive} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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released / absorbed & released & \seqsplit{absorbed} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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cellular respiration / photosynthesis & cellular \seqsplit{respiration} & \seqsplit{photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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uphill / downhill & downhill & uphill \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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spontaneous & \seqsplit{spontaneous} & not \seqsplit{spontaneous} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endotherms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regulate internal body temperatures through metabolism} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{balancing heat loss and gain} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{five adaptations help animals thermoregulate:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) insulation} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) circulating adaptations} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) behavioral responses} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) adjusting metabolic heat production} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of Photosynthesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589759005_pO6.FVJ0XBMFqX4glcr6cg_b.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glycolysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
location: & cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
reactants: & \textasciitilde{} glucose \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 ADP +2 Pi \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 NAD+ \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
products: & \textasciitilde{} 2 pyruvate \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 ATP \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 NADH \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 H2O \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transfer of energy: & NADH (electrons and Hydrogen) \textless{}- C6H12O6 -\textgreater{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
purpose: & \textasciitilde{} convert glucose to pyruvate \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} initial breakdown of sugar \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} generating ATP \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} shuttling e- and H+ to ETC \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steps of Light Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) H2O splits} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} H+: pump into thylakoid out of ATP synthase} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} e-: 2 ETCs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} O2: released out of stomata} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) light excites e- in Photosystem II} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) e- to primary electron acceptor (PEA)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) the e- travels down the ETC and replaces the e- from Photosystem I} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) the e- travels down another ETC and combines with NAHP+} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{meanwhile...} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} energy from 1st ETC is used to pump H+ into the thylakoid space} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} a proton gradient forms and H+ leave through ATP synthase} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} H+ combines with e- and NADP+ to form NADPH} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} ATP synthase generates ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REDOX Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{molecular exchange of an electron} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{oxidation: lose electrons} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reduction: gain electrons} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REDOX reactions image}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589760378_chapter-6-cell-energy-compatibility-mode-14-638.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transformation of solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) synthesizes energy rich molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) uses CO2 as carbon source} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) directly or indirectly supplies energy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CO2 + H2O + sunlight -\textgreater{} C6H12O6 + O2} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Enzymes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reaction specific:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} each enzyme works with a specific substrate chemical fit between active site and substrate} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} H bonds and ionic bonds} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{not consumed in reaction:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} enzymes are unaffected by the reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{affected by cellular conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} ex: temperature, pH, salinity, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Substrate Concentration}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{as substrates increase, reaction rate increases and levels off} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{more substrate = more frequently collide with enzyme} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the reaction levels off because...} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} all enzymes have active site engaged} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} enzyme is saturated} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} maximum rate of reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors that Affect Enzyme Structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589754153_unnamed.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Competitive Inhibitors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{inhibitor competes with active site} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{substrate cannot bond} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{can overcome with substrate saturation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{penicillin (competes with bacterial enzyme that builds cell wall)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{directly blocks active site} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the ability to do work} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
kinetic energy: & potential energy: \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
energy of motion & energy of position \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
heat & water behind a dam \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
light energy & chemical energy stored in cells \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Free Energy and Equilibrium}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{free energy: energy available to do work} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{free energy decreases when reactions proceed toward equilibrium} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{building complex molecules out of simple molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{amino acids -\textgreater{} proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glucose -\textgreater{} glycogen} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ectotherms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{do not regulate internal body temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{rely on environmental heat sources} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{less respiration/food} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{catabolic} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{C6H12O6 + O2 -\textgreater{} CO2 + H2O + energy} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{steps:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) gylcolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) intermediate step} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) citric acid cycle} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) oxidative phosphorylation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intermediate Step}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
location: & mitochondrial matrix \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
reactants: & 2 pyruvate \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
products: & \textasciitilde{} acetyl CoA \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 NADH \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} 2 CO2 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
transfer of energy: & pyruvate (sugar) -\textgreater{} NADH (e- and H+) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
purpose: & convert pyruvate into more reactive Acetyl CoA \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589762134_c3-c4-and-cam_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxidative Phosphorylation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
location: & \textasciitilde{} inner membrane of mitochondria (ETC) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} inner membrane spare (chemiosmosis) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
reactants: & \textasciitilde{} NADH \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} FADH2 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} ADP+P \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} O2 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
products: & \textasciitilde{} NAD+H \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} FAD+H \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} H2O \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transfer of energy: & NADH/FADH2 -\textgreater{} proton gradient -\textgreater{} ATP synthase -\textgreater{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
purpose: & use REDOX reactions to make a large amount of ATP (34) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{producers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{autotrophic nutritional: nutritional made of synthesizing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{photoautotrophs: uses light energy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{chemoautotrophs: oxidation of inorganics for energy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chloroplast}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{site of photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{double membrane system} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{thylakoids: flattened photocenters} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{granum: stacks of thylakoids} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{stroma: fluid outside thylakoid} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Calvin Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{location: stomata} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{production of sugar} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{recognition of RUBP} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reactants: CO2, NADPH, ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{products: C6H12O6, NADP+, ADP+Pi, G3P} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pathways of Photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADPH} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cyclic photophosphorylation is ATP production} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{calvin cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Induced Fit}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"lock and key"} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"conformational change": slight change in shape} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reactions} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Concentration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{as enzymes increase, reaction rate increases} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{more enzymes = more frequently collide with substrates} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Temperature}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{optimum temperature:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciitilde{} as temp increases, reaction rate increases & \textasciitilde{} greater number of molecular collisions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cold temperature:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciitilde{} molecules move slower & \textasciitilde{} decrease collisions between enzymes and substrates \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{heat (beyond optimum)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciitilde{} increased energy level disrupts weak bond in 2' and 3' structure & \textasciitilde{} denaturation: loses 3D shape \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noncompetitive Inhibitors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{inhibitor binds to allosteric site (not active site) which changes the shape of the active site} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ex: anti-cancer drugs, cyanide, poisoning, DDT} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589754606_5UvQGKMlTnaWqkBx7OhC_competitive_inhibit_c_la_784.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermodynamics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{study of energy transformation} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{first law: energy of the universe is constant} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{second law: every process increases the entropy of the universe} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{entropy: "quantity of energy in universe is constant, but quality is not"} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ATP Powers Cellular Work}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{coupling endergonic/exergonic reactions} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{energy coupling: phosphorylated intermediates; regeneration of ADP to ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3 main types of work} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) mechanical work (motor protein)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) transport work (Na/K pump)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) chemical work} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Size and Metabolic rate}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{larger mammals have more body mass and require more chemical energy (higher BMR)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{smaller animals require more kcal/gram, have greater rate of O2 delivery, higher breathing rate} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{increase activity -\textgreater{} increase metabolic rate -\textgreater{} more ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589758838_8.1.2a.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Citric Acid Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
location: & mitochondrial matrix \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
reactants: & \textasciitilde{} acetyl CoA \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} citric acid \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} ADP + Pi \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} NAD+ and FAD \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
products: & \textasciitilde{} oxaloacetate \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} NADH and FADH2 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} CO2 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
transfer of energy: & NADH and FADH2 (e- and H+) \textless{}- citric acid -\textgreater{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
purpose: & \textasciitilde{} complete the oxidation of glucose \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{} producing NADH/FADH2 (e- and H+) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} ATP \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phosphorylation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{substrate-level: ATP is synthesized by enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{oxidative: ATP is synthesized by an ETC and chemiosmosis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fermentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{anaerobic process (no O2)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{produces small amounts of ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regenerates NAD+/NADH} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{alcoholic fermentation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} yeast/bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} produces CO2 and alcohol} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{lactic acid} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} human muscles} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} yogurt} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} produces lactic acid} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consumers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{heterotrophs: acquire organics to create energy from other creatures} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} consumers} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} decomposers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Light Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{occurs in the thylakoid} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{splitting of water} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{generation of ATP and NADPH} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reactants: H2O, NADP+, ADP+Pi} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{products: O2, NADPH, ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steps of Calvin Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) carbon fixation} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} ribulose biphosphate: RuBP} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} rubisco: RuBP carboxylase: most abundant protein} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) reduction} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} adding H+ and e- from NADPH to CO2 to make sugar} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) regeneration} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciitilde{} G3P -\textgreater{} RuBP} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alternative Pathways of Carbon Fixation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{photorespiration: fixing oxygen rather than CO2} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
C3 plants: & \textasciitilde{} hot/dry days \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} stomata close (prevents H2O, inc CO2, dec O2) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
C4 plants: & \textasciitilde{} spatial separation of calvin cycle into bundle sheath cell \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} PEP carboxylase initially captures CO2 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
CAM pathways: & \textasciitilde{} temporal separation \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textasciitilde{} takes in CO2 at night \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}