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\author{julescrisfulla}
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  /Title (ap-bio-unit-2-cell-structure-and-function.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (julescrisfulla)
  /Subject (AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{julescrisfulla} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122651/cs/22885/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}julescrisfulla \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/julescrisfulla} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 17th May, 2020.\\
   Updated 17th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Surface Area}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{outside area of an object} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the area around the outside of a cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Application in Living Things}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{increased surface area = increased diffusion} \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{endomembrane system: increased folds in organelles allow for more surface area to do cellular work} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cristae of the mitochondria: folds in the inner mitochondria increase amounts of ETC (more ATP)} \tn 
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hydrophilic head: & hydrophobic tail: \tn 
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% Row 1
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phosphate & saturated fatty acid \tn 
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glycerol & unsaturated fatty acid \tn 
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at warm temperatures: & at cool temperature: \tn 
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% Row 1
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restrains the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity & maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{no energy} \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 5
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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 & Prokaryotes: & Eukaryotes: \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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 & no membrane bound organelles & membrane bound organelles \tn 
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% Row 4
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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 & single chromosome & paired chromosomes \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 1
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{phospholipids: provides fluidity and elasticity} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% Row 0
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integral proteins: & peripheral proteins: \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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imbedded through the membrane (inside) & on hydrophilic portion of the cell membrane (outside) \tn 
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cell to cell recognition: & membrane carbohydrates: \tn 
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% Row 1
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cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another & interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell to cell recognition \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into available space} \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% Row 1
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% Row 3
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% Row 5
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pincytosis: "cellular drinking," engulfing solutes} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it and release their contents} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmoregulation (paramecium)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Endosymbiotic Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{endosymbiosis: one organism living inside another} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{evidence 1) chloroplasts and mitochondria multiply in the same way as ancient bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{evidence 2) chloroplasts and mitochondria both control their own DNA and ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{evidence 3) chloroplasts and mitochondria both have two membranes (inner membrane contains different proteins than the outer membrane)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{smaller cells have an increase SA:V} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{as the cell gets bigger, the SA:V decreases} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{small cells are more efficient at diffusion as they have a high ratio} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Cellular Membrane}}  \tn
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two main components: & other important molecules: \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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phospholipids & cholesterol \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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proteins & carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of Membrane Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{intercellular joinings} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{enzymatic activity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport (active/passive)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cell to cell recognition} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{anchorage/attachment} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{signal transduction} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membranes are Semipermeable}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
properties of molecules that can get through the phospholipid bilayer: & properties of molecules that can not get through the phospholipid bilayer: \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
small & large \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nonpolar & polar \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
nonionic & ionic \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hydrophobic & hydrophilic \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{O2 and CO2} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Transport (facilitated diffusion)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport proteins allow molecules to flow from high to low concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{aquaporins: tunnel that allows water to go through the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glut: glucose transporter} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Transport (ion channels)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport proteins allow ion to flow from a high to low concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive and Active Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/julescrisfulla_1589751216_Untitled picture.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Potential}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the force responsible for movement of water in a system} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{solute potential: determined by solute concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pressure potential: results from exertion of pressure on membranes/walls as water moves in or out; can be positive or negative} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant vs. Animal Cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plant Cell: & Animal Cell: \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
chloroplast & cilia and flagella \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
central vacuole & centrioles \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
cell wall & lysosomes \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Endomembrane System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a system of synthesizing proteins for export} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Nucleus: \textasciitilde{}transcription (DNA -\textgreater{} RNA)  \textasciitilde{}make ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Rough ER: \textasciitilde{}translation (RNA -\textgreater{} proteins)  \textasciitilde{}proteins for export} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Vesicle: transports proteins in cells} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Golgi Apparatus: process and package proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Vesicle: transports proteins in cells} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6) Cell Membrane: exocytosis} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}