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\author{jpace}
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  /Title (ppl-ch-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jpace)
  /Subject (PPL Ch. 2 Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PPL Ch. 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jpace} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/43812/cs/13007/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jpace \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jpace} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 3rd October, 2017.\\
   Updated 3rd October, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zuse's Plankalk}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Program calculus \newline had advanced features \& Data structures \newline arrays and records never implemented}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pseudo Codes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Short code developed by John Mauchly 1949. \newline Mathematical expressions were coded. \newline Interpreted \newline 50x slower than machine code}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speedcoding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{IBM 701 John Backus 1954 \newline conditional \& unconditional branching \newline automatic incrementing of address register \newline interpreted}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UNIVAL}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Primitive compiler  \newline Grace Hopper \newline Pseudocode expanded into machine code}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fortran 77: 1978}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Character string \newline logical loop control statement \newline If-Then-Else statement}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fortran 95 \& 2003 \& 2008}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Relatively minor changes}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ALGOL 58}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Data types formalized & Names could be any length \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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Arrays could have any number of subscripts & Parameters were separated by mode(in \& out) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{[}{]} for subscripts & compound \seqsplit{statements(begin...end)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
No I/O-would make it machine dependent & if had an else-if clause \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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:= assignment & ; as separation \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COBOL(common business oriented language)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{specifically designed for business. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
based on Flow-matic.% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dennis Ritchie \& Brian Kernighan}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{wrote the 1st c book; can be used for most applications \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
poor type checking; it was free. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
used to write UNIX operating systems% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Hypertext Preprocessor, Rasmus Lerdorf \newline service side HTML}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Fortran 0: 1954 not implemented \newline -Fortran 1: 1957 \newline designed for the IBM 704 \newline index registers \& floating point hardware \newline led to compiled programs \newline -Environment Factors \newline computer memory was small \& unreliable \newline created for scientific applications \newline no programming methodology or tools \newline hardware was expensive \newline -Other Features \newline no data types \newline i,j,k,l,m,n were implicitly integers.}  \tn 
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% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Fixed problems with Fortran I \newline independent compilation of subroutines}  \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% Row 0
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modules & dynamic arrays \tn 
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% Row 1
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pointers & recursion \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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CASE statement & parameter type checking \tn 
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% Row 0
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BNF(Backus-Naur Form) & 6 Days \tn 
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% Row 1
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block structure was introduced & pass by value \& pass by name \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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recursive procedures & dynamic arrays \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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standard way to publish algorithms for over 20yrs. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
all subsequent imperative lang. are based on ALGOL(java,c,c++... \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
first machine independent language. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
first language whose syntax was formally defined(BNF)% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Failures \newline never a commercial success \newline not widely used in the U.S. \newline lack of support from IBM. \newline Lack of I/0. \newline too flexible, hard to implement. \newline popularity of Fortran.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scripted Lang.}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Pearl(designed by Larry Wall 1987) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
wide spread use on the web \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
used as a replacement for UNIX admin. lang. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
-JavaScript(began at Netscape) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
used to create dynamic HTML documents. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
pure interpretation;client side HTML \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
related to Java only by syntax% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-List Processing \newline designed at MIT by McCarthy \newline -AI Research \newline data is processed in Lists (rather than arrays) \newline symbolic computation (rather than numeric) \newline -2 data types: atoms \& lists \newline -syntax based on lambda calculus}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Pioneered functional programming  \newline no variables or assignment \newline program controlled with application of functions: recursion, conditional expressions.}  \tn 
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ML \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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Haskell \& F\#% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ALGOL}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The goal was to create a universal language. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Languages were machine dependent. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
GAMM 1955(fear of being dominated by america) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
attempted joint design process with ACM.% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Goals}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Syntax close to math. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Possible to use the language to describe algorithms. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Must be mechanically translatable into machine code.% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flow-Matic}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Names up to 12 characters. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
English words for operators. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Data \& code was separate. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
First word of every statement was a verb.% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COBOL Design process}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{look like english. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
easy to use(even if less powerful) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
broader base of users. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
address current compiler problems. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
committee from manufacturers \& D.o.D \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
design problems: arithmetic expressions, subscripts% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COBOL contributions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1st macro facility in a high level language. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
records \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
nested selection statements. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
long names(from flow-matic) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
still most widely used language for businesses \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
mandated by D.o.D \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
separate data division \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
strong on reports% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++(descendant of ALGOL)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bell Labs by Stroustrup 1980 \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Large \& complex; Exception handling \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
ANSI standard Nov. 1997; Microsoft vers. MC++ \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Evolved from C \& SIMULA 67% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic(Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Inst. Code)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{teaching language; no respect; easy to learn \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
included on first PCs; small implementation \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Design to teach students their 1st. language. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Mather \& Waite 1971% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic design goal}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Easy for non-science students \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
must be pleasant \& friendly. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
quick turn around on homework \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
user time more important than computer time. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
free and private access.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PL/I}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{cross between fortran \& cobol \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
teaching/never became a commercial success \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
IBM design \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
use for scientific computing and business computing% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Problem-PL/I}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Tried to be everything for everybody. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Original name NPL(New programming lang.) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Too many features/constructs.% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dynamic Languages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
APL(a programming lang.): & SNOBOL: \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Hardware description lang. & designed for string manipulative @ Bell labs 1964 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
difficult to read & still used for test processing \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
1960s Ken Iverson & Powerful for string pattern matching \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Many operators} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Minimal impact on current languages. \newline -SIMULA 67 extension of ALGOL}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Descendant of Algol}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pascal 1971}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Niklus Worth(Vert); small, simple \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
designed for teaching; nothing new \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
largest impact was on teaching. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Mid 70s \& late 90s students learned PASCAL% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Programming}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bell Labs;Dennis Ritchie \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Early ancestors developed at Cambridge \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Designed for systems program \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
1st high \& low level lang.% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADA-D.o.D}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ada Lovelace(world's first computer programmer) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Mandated by the D.o.D% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}