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% Document Info
\author{jonahenry}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (muscular-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jonahenry)
  /Subject (Muscular system Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Muscular system Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jonahenry} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19875/cs/2810/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jonahenry \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jonahenry} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 6th November, 2014.\\
   Updated 13th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{acetylcholine}}- neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles that initiate action in the muscle fiber. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{actin}}- a cellular protein that contains two other proteins \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{antagonist}}- counteracts with agonist  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{aponeuroses}}- a broad flat tendon  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)}}* is the biochemical way to store and use energy. For your muscles -{}- in fact, for every cell in your body -{}- the source of energy that keeps everything going is called ATP. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5)
{\bf{axon}}-the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
{\bf{contraction}}- shortening of the muscles \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
{\bf{cross bridges}}- the  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
head of a myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding filament of muscle contraction is held to attach temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and draw it into the A band of a sarcomere between the myosin filaments. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 6)
{\bf{elasticity}}- ability of a muscle tissue to elongate or stretch \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
{\bf{fascia}}- layers of dense. fibrous, connective tissue which compartmentalize muscle adding to structure. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
{\bf{hypertrophy}}- to increase in bullk \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
{\bf{insertion}}- : the part of a muscle by which it is attached to the part to be moved, usually distally located, and has a small surface area. \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{muscle}}- body tissue made of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{myofibril}}- contractile unit composed of myosin and actin \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{myosin}}-  fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
{\bf{origin}}* body segment with the most mass, usually proximally located, large surface area of attachment \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
{\bf{spasm}} an involuntary and abnormal contraction of muscle or muscle fibers or of a hollow organ that consists largely of involuntary muscle fibers% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Structure\& Function}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A membrane is {\bf{permeable}} when materials can pass through it. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Diffusion}} is the movement form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Molecules, gas ions, nutrients, and waste}} are able to pass through the {\bf{cell membrane}}  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{Muscle cells}} provide movement  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Nerve cell provide communication}}  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{Red blood cells}} provide oxygen transport \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{Movement can occur up or down a cell membrane}}  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
A {\bf{cell membrane}} is a boundary wall surrounding cytoplasm of a cell \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\bf{Muscle tissue}} has the property of contractility. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{collagen}} is a protein which comprises bundles of flexible but strong white fibers. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{Adipose}} is known as fat tissue ({\bf{protection, energy storage, and insulation}}  \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
{\bf{Fibrous}} connective tissue is found in the ligaments and tendons% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Skeletal Muscle}} is an organ of the muscular system \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Skeletal Muscle is composed of }}skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and connective tissue**  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- {\bf{Tendons}} Connect a muscle to bone it consist of dense connective tissue.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Deep Fascia}} is fascia that surrounds or penetrates the muscle  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Subcutaneous fascia}} is fascia beneath the skin  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Subserous fascia}} is a connective tissue layer of the serous membranes covering organs in various body cavities. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Myofibrils}}are threadlike structures and are located in the sarcoplasm. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Thick Myofilaments}} are composed of myosin \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
-{\bf{Thins Myofilaments}} are composed of actin  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
-{\bf{Troponin and tropomyosin}} associate with actin filaments  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Transverse tubules}} are membranous channels that extend into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EPEN}}- (EP)imysium- a strong connective tissue that covers all muscle fibers to form a bundle called fasciculi. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
(PE)rimysium- connective tissue that binds groups of muscle fibers together \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
(EN)domysium- connective tissue that covers the muscle fiber. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\bf{Muscle Belly}} to hold all muscle fibers together also to shorten when contracted. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
{\bf{Skeletal Muscles are named}} in relation to their attachment  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
A {\bf{sarcolemma}} is a membrane that lays beneath the ({\bf{EN}})domysium \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\bf{Sacroplasmic reticulm}} surrounds the myofibrils \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{TTS (Transverse Tubule System)}}- storage for calcium% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tension within the muscle but no change in length {\bf{isotonic}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Tension and the muscle changes in length {\bf{isometric}}  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{concentric}} is when the muscle shortens \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{Eccentric}} is when the muscle lengthens \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{Motor neuron}}- a nerve that carries impulses from the brain and stimulates muscle contraction \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
{\bf{neuromuscular junction}}- the end of the axon terminal where it attaches to the muscle fiber \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\bf{motor end plate}}- the location on the muscle fiber at the end of the axon terminal \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
{\bf{motor unit}}- a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A {\bf{single twitch}} is a simple muscle {\bf{contraction}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
A {\bf{kymograph}} is a machine used to record muscle activity  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
A {\bf{myogram}} is a machine that traces the muscle twitch  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{Latent period}} before contraction starts  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{contraction phase}} during muscle shortening  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{relaxation phase}} after the contraction phase \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{Recovery Period}} is a short interval where the muscles are supplied with {\bf{oxygen}}. It last about {\bf{60 sec.}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
{\bf{all or none principle}}- the principle that under given conditions the response of a nerve or muscle fiber to a stimulus at any strength above the threshold is the same: the muscle or nerve responds completely or not at all.  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 5)
{\bf{Principle source of heat in the body}} is {\bf{muscle contraction}}  example: {\bf{shivering}}% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy Sources}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{ALL}} energy is from the {\bf{sun}}  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- {\bf{Immediate energy}} in humans is from {\bf{ATP}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- {\bf{ATP}} is made by energy released from the breakdown of foods and other compounds of food  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-{\bf{ENERGY IS THE CAPACITY TO PREFORM WORK}}  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
-{\bf{WORK: APPLICATION OF OFRCE THROUGH A DISTANCE}}% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Processes for producing ATP}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}}. {\bf{Phosphagen System}}- During short-term, intense activities, a large amount of power needs to be produced by the muscles, creating a high demand for ATP. The phosphagen system {\bf{(ATP-CP system)}} is the quickest way to resynthesize ATP). {\bf{Creatine phosphate (CP)}}, which is stored in skeletal muscles, donates a phosphate to {\bf{ADP to produce ATP: ADP + CP — ATP + C}}. Since this process does not need oxygen to resynthesize ATP, it is anaerobic, or oxygen-independent. As the fastest way to resynthesize ATP, the phosphagen system is the predominant energy system used for all-out exercise lasting up to about {\bf{5- 10 seconds}}. However, since there is a limited amount of stored CP and ATP in skeletal muscles, fatigue occurs rapidly.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 16)
{\bf{2.}} {\bf{Glycolysis}}- Glycolysis is the predominant energy system used for all-out exercise lasting from {\bf{30 seconds to about 2 minutes}} and is the {\bf{second-fastest}} way to resynthesize ATP. During glycolysis, {\bf{carbohydrate}}—in the form of either {\bf{blood glucose (sugar) or muscle glycogen (the stored form of glucose)}}—is broken down through a series of chemical reactions to form pyruvate (glycogen is first broken down into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis). Conversion to lactate occurs when the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply (i.e., during anaerobic exercise). Conversely, when there is enough oxygen available to meet the muscles' needs (i.e., during aerobic exercise), pyruvate (via acetyl-CoA) enters the mitochondria and goes through {\bf{aerobic}} metabolism.  \newline % Row Count 33 (+ 17)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Processes for producing ATP (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3.}} Aerobic System-  The oxidation of {\bf{carbohyrates or fats}}. Unlimited source of {\bf{Energy}} ATP produced by aerobic glycolysis, from Kerb's cycle and a huge source from fat metabolism% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{During muscle contraction, the globular heads of the myosin attach to the active site of the actin myofilament and "ratchet" or swivel pulling the actin toward the center of the sarcomere (unit of contraction). This causes the actin myofilaments to slide past one another resulting in a shortening of a sarcomere. The sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Fiber Types}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Fast Twitch}}- The speed of contraction is {\bf{high}}. The force{\bf{(power)}} is {\bf{high}}. It takes a {\bf{short time}} for the fast twitch muscles to become tired. {\bf{Carbohydrates(glycogen) fuel the fast twitch fibers. Fast twitch muscles are }}anaerobic{\bf{ which means they don't need oxygen. }}Lactic acid and heat** is the waste that fast twitch muscles produce.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
{\bf{Slow Twitch}}- The speed of contraction is {\bf{low}}. The force{\bf{(power)}} is {\bf{low}}. It takes a {\bf{long time}} for the slow twitch muscles to become tired. {\bf{Carbohydrates and fats}} fuel the slow twitch fibers. Slow twitch muscles are {\bf{aerobic}} which means they need oxygen. {\bf{carbon dioxide, water, and heat}} is the waste that slow twitch muscles produce.% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy Continuum- Energy Pathways Diagram}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Digaram of muscle contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sliding filament theory proposes that the {\bf{a-band}} contain flexible cross bridges that come in contact with energy sites on more numerous {\bf{I-band}} and with the availability of energy, the cross-bridges pull the active filament a short distance and release it and attach to another site, resulting in a shortening of the {\bf{H-zone}} between the {\bf{I-bands}}}  \tn 
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% That's all folks
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