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% Document Info
\author{joanna\_2201}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genetics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (joanna\_2201)
  /Subject (Genetics Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Genetics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{joanna\_2201} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/140419/cs/29797/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}joanna\_2201 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/joanna-2201} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 15th November, 2021.\\
   Updated 15th November, 2021.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Mendelian inheritance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Multiple alleles: more than two phenotypes due to more than two alleles being present} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Incomplete dominance: both phenotypes may be dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Codominance: both dominant traits are present in offspring, resulting in both alleles being expressed together.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Codominance: both dominant traits are present in offspring, resulting in both alleles being expressed together.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Pleiotropy: mutations have more than one phenotypic effect.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Epistasis: interaction of more than one gene masks the phenotypic effect of one of them.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sex linkage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This is because the recessive allele on the X chromosome will show in the phenotype in males, as they have XY, so there is no dominant allele to override it (whereas females have XX, so will always have the dominant allele).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{X chromosomes – 1,000 to 2,000 genes  Y chromosomes – 70 genes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Males and females carry a different dose of X, so males have dosage compensation – they produce double the amount of gene product (upregulation of X in males)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linkage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Genes are physically linked when they are on the same chromosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Genes on separate chromosomes are never linked} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Genes that are farther away from each other are more likely to be separated during a process called homologous recombination, and are practically unlinked} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Breaking linkage}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two parental chromosomes, two recombinant chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Crossing over always occurs and is regulated} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The probability of crossing over between two genes depends on their distance from each other on the chromosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double crossing over undoes the effect of one crossing over, therefore, the parental and recombinant genes stay the same.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double crossing overs close to each other are rare, due to crossing over interference: one crossing over reduces the possibility of a second.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic mapping}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The percentage of recombinant offspring (recombination frequency) = distance between genes on a chromosome} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1\% frequency = 1 map unit (centimorgan, cM)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How to plot a gene map}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. the lowest frequency is the double crossing over} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. the highest is the parental genes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. find the pairs of the other crossing over/s} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. to determine the gene in the middle, look at which allele has swapped between the parental gene and the double cross.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5. to calculate the distance between alleles, remember that it is the recombination frequency between one cross and the recombination frequency of another cross. This is calculated by adding together the frequency of both alleles in the pair, and the alleles in the double cross.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linkage group}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Linkage can only be detected when recombination frequency is less than 50\%} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When genes are far apart on the chromosome, crossing over will always occur, so genes appear unlinked.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There is a difference between 'physically linked' and 'genetically linked' – if asked how many linkage groups there are in an organism with x chromosomes, you cannot tell.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Genetic mapping can only establish linkage groups.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}