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\author{jkellar}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-integumentary-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jkellar)
  /Subject (The Integumentary System Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Integumentary System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jkellar} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/167165/cs/35135/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jkellar \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jkellar} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 3rd November, 2022.\\
   Updated 3rd November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Integumentary System}} & Consists of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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{\bf{Dermatology}} & Scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Functions of the Skin}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Resistance to trauma and infection}} & Keratin - Acid mantle \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Other barrier functions}} & Waterproofing, UV radiation, Harmful chemicals \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Vitamin D synthesis}} & Skin first step, Liver and kidneys complete process \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Sensation}} & Skin is our most extensive sense organ \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Thermoregulation}} & Thermoreceptors, \seqsplit{Vasoconstriction/vasodilation} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Nonverbal communication}} & Acne, birthmark, or scar \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Transdermal absorption}} & Administration of certain drugs steadily through thin skin via adhesive patches \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Epidermis}} & Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium \{\{nl\}\}-Dead cells at the surface packed with tough protein called {\bf{keratin}} \{\{nl\}\}-Lacks blood vessels \{\{nl\}\}-Depends on the diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue \{\{nl\}\}-Sparse nerve endings for touch and pain \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Sweat Glands}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two kinds of sweat {\bf{(sudoriferous) glands,  Merocrine  (eccrine)}} sweat glands} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–	{\bf{Apocrine sweat glands - Develop at puberty}} \{\{nl\}\} \seqsplit{•	Bromhidrosis—disagreeable} body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acids \{\{nl\}\} \seqsplit{•	Diaphoresis—sweating} with wetness of the skin} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SEBACEOUS GLANDS}} \{\{nl\}\} •	Sebum—oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{CERUMINOUS GLANDS }}-  only in external ear canal} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{MAMMARY GLANDS}} —milk-producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{SKIN COLOR}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Melanin}}—most significant factor in skin color \{\{nl\}\}-Produced by melanocytes released by exocytosis \{\{nl\}\}-Accumulate in the keratinocytes \{\{nl\}\}-Eumelanin—brownish black \{\{nl\}\}-Pheomelanin—a reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment \{\{nl\}\}-People of different skin colors have the same number of melanocytes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dark-skinned people}} \{\{nl\}\}-Produce greater quantities of melanin \{\{nl\}\}-Melanin granules in keratinocytes more spread out than tightly clumped \{\{nl\}\}-Melanin breaks down more slowly \{\{nl\}\}-Melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Light-skinned people}} \{\{nl\}\}-Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus \{\{nl\}\}-Melanin breaks down more rapidly \{\{nl\}\}-Little seen beyond stratum basale \{\{nl\}\}-Amount of melanin also varies with exposure to (UV) rays of sunlight} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hemoglobin}}—red pigment of red blood cells - Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Carotene}}—yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables {\bf{will turn skin yellow if consumed in large quantities.}} - Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Burns}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–leading cause of accidental death \{\{nl\}\}–{\bf{Debridement:}} removal of {\bf{eschar}} (burned tissue) \{\{nl\}\}–Classified according to the depth of tissue involvement} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–	{\bf{First-degree burn:}} partial-thickness burn; involves only the epidermis \{\{nl\}\}•Marked by redness, slight edema, and pain} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–	{\bf{Second-degree burn:}} partial-thickness burn; involves the epidermis and part of the dermis} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–	{\bf{Third-degree burn:}} full-thickness burn; the epidermis and all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues (muscles or bones) are destroyed \{\{nl\}\}•Often requires skin grafts \{\{nl\}\}•Needs fluid replacement and infection control} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of the Skin \& Subcutaneous Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jkellar_1667364418_Picture1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{SKIN:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-The body's largest and heaviest organ \{\{nl\}\}–Covers area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 \{\{nl\}\}–15\% of body weight \{\{nl\}\}–Most skin is 1 to 2 mm thick} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Two Layers: Epidermis \& Dermis}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Epidermus}}-} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Dermis—connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis}} \{\{nl\}\}–Ranges from 0.2 mm (eyelids) to 4 mm (palms, soles) \{\{nl\}\}–Composed mainly of collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts \{\{nl\}\}–Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypodermis}}—another connective tissue layer below the dermis \{\{nl\}\}–{\bf{Subcutaneous}} tissue \{\{nl\}\}–More areolar and adipose than dermis \{\{nl\}\}–Pads body \{\{nl\}\}–Binds skin to underlying tissues} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Thick skin—}} on palms and sole, and corresponding surfaces on fingers and toes - Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands - Epidermis 0.5 mm thick} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Thin Skin-}} covers rest of the body - Epidermis about 0.1 mm thick - Possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Five Types of Cells of the Epidermis}}}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stem Cells}} & Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes \{\{nl\}\} In deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale) \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Keratinocytes}} & Majority of epidermal cells \{\{nl\}\}Synthesize keratin   \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{very tough protein}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Melanocytes}} & Occur only in Stratum Basale \{\{nl\}\}Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation \{\{nl\}\}melanin accumulates in the keratinocytes \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Tactile Cells}} & receptors for touch \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Dendritic Cells}} & Macrophage (modified white blood cell) \{\{nl\}\}originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens \{\{nl\}\}Guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate skin \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{The Life History of a Keratinocyte}}}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Keratinocytes}} produced deep in the epidermis by stem cells in stratum Basale} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mitosis requires an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Deep cells acquire oxygen from blood vessels in nearby dermis} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Newly formed keratinocytes push the older ones toward the surface \{\{nl\}\}-In {\bf{30 to 40 days}} a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off \{\{nl\}\}-Slower in old age - Faster in injured or stressed skin} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Calluses\textbackslash{}corns}}—thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on the hands or feet} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Waterproofing is Achieved By:}} \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-Lipids}} secreted by keratinocytes \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-Tight junctions}} between keratinocytes- thick layer of {\bf{insoluble protein}} on the inner surfaces of the keratinocyte plasma membranes \{\{nl\}\}-Critical to retaining water in the body and {\bf{preventing dehydration}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cells above the water barrier quickly die} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-Barrier cuts them off from nutrients below} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-Dead cells {\bf{exfoliate (dander)}} \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Dandruff:}} clumps of dander stuck together by sebum (oil)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Colors of Diagnostic Value}}}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cyanosis}} & blueness of the skin \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Erythema}} & abnormal redness of the skin \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pallor}} & pale or ashen color \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Albinism}} & genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin, and pink eyes - Have inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Jaundice}} & yellowing of skin \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Hematoma (Bruise)}} & mass of clotted blood showing through skin \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Hair}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jkellar_1667406487_Picture2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hair \& Nails}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hair/nails are made of mostly dead, keratinized cells}} \{\{nl\}\}-Pliable soft keratin makes up stratum corneum of skin \{\{nl\}\}-Compact hard keratin makes up hair and nails \{\{nl\}\}-Tougher and more compact due to numerous cross-linkages between keratin molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Hair: Pilus}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Pilus— Hair —a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{•	Three kinds of hair grow over the course of our lives \{\{nl\}\} -Lanugo:}} fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development  not all infants are born with lanugo {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}-Vellus:}} fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}-Terminal:}} longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hair is divisible into three zones along its length}} {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}Bulb:}} a swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis - Only living hair cells are in or near bulb {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}Root: }}the remainder of the hair in the follicle {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}Shaft:}} the portion above the skin surface} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Hair receptors – goosebumps - Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–	Extends from dermal collagen to connective tissue root sheath Hair Texture and Color} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Texture—related to differences in cross-sectional shape \{\{nl\}\}–	{\bf{Straight hair:}} round - {\bf{Wavy:}} hair oval {\bf{Curly hair:}} relatively flat \{\{nl\}\}Color—due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex \{\{nl\}\}–Brown \& black hair rich in {\bf{eumelanin}} \{\{nl\}\}–	Red hair high concentration of {\bf{pheomelanin}} \{\{nl\}\}–	Blond hair has an intermediate amount of {\bf{pheomelanin}} and {\bf{very little eumelanin}} \{\{nl\}\}–	Gray and white hair results from scarcity or {\bf{absence of melanin}} in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla \{\{nl\}\}-Testosterone causes terminal hair in scalp to be replaced by vellus hair \{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Hirsutism}}—excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy} \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three types of skin cancer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	named for the epidermal cells in which they originate \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma}} \{\{nl\}\}-Person with metastatic melanoma lives only 6 months from diagnosis, 5\% to 14\% survive 5 years} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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