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\author{jjovann}
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  /Title (chapter-9-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jjovann)
  /Subject (Chapter 9.3 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 9.3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jjovann} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/67730/cs/17547/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jjovann \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jjovann} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 22nd October, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events Involved in Initiating Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Nerve impulse reaches axon terminal voltage-gated calcium channels open ACh released to synaptic cleft \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•ACh binds to its receptors on sarcolemma  opens ligand-gated Na+ and K+ channels  end plate potential  Opens voltage-gated Na+ channels  AP and AP propagation across the sarcolemma down into the t-tubules \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
•Voltage-sensitive proteins in T tubules (DHP receptors) change shape in response to AP and activate the Ryanodine receptorsSR releases Ca2+ to cytosol% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Proteins}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Ca2+ binds to troponin-Cwhich changes the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex and uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
–Myosin heads of the thick filament will then attach to the myosin binding sites of the thin filament as long as the proper molecules are present% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cross-Bridge Cycle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Continues as long as sarcoplasmic Ca2+concentrations remain high and adequate ATP present \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Cross-bridge formation—high-energy myosin head (has ADP and inorganic phosphate bound to it) attaches to thin filament \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•Power Stroke—myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
–Releases ADP and Pi in the process% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Length-Tension Relationship}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The tension a muscle fiber is capable of producing is dependent upon the amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
–Too short (understretched) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•Too much overlap between thick and thin filaments \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Tension generation decreases the more a muscle shortens \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•Thin filaments begin to overlap% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Sliding-Filament Mechanism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Rigor Mortus \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Muscles can become stiff shortly after death \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Can begin 3-4 hours after expiration \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Maximum stiffness at around 12 hours post expiration \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Can take 48-60 hours to subside \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Caused by lack of ATP post death \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
•Heart stops, blood flow stops, no oxygen/nutrient delivery and waste removal from tissue \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
–ATP production declines and then ends as cells die \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
•ATP is not available to bind to the myosin head \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
–This means the head does not dissociate from the active site of the actin \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
ATP no longer available to power calcium pumps that pump calcium out of the sarcoplasm and into terminal cisternae \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
–This means that intracellular calcium concentration stays high enough to allow the active sites of the thin filament to stay unblocked \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
–Can be used to determine time of death% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Calcium (Ca2+) in Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•At low intracellular Ca2+ concentration \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Tropomyosin blocks active sites (myosin binding sites) on actin of thin filaments \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
–Myosin heads of thick filaments cannot attach when binding sites of thin filament are blocked \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
–Muscle fiber in relaxed/resting state% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Proteins: Thin Filament}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•In this graphic the troponin-tropomyosin complex has shifted into the "gutters" of the actin molecule unblocking the myosin binding site \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•The troponin-tropomyosin complex can slide back and forth depending on the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cross Bridge Cycle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Cross bridge detachment—ATP attaches to myosin head and cross bridge detaches \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•"Cocking" of myosin head—energy from hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) cocks myosin head into high-energy state% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Length-Tension Relationship}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–Too long (overstretched) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Too little overlap between thin and thick filaments•Not enough actin/myosin crossbridges are able to be formed \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•Tension decreases the more a muscle is stretched% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Calcium (Ca2+) in Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•At higher intracellular Ca2+ concentrations–Ca2+ binds to troponin C of the troponin-tropomyosin complex \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
–Unblocks the myosin binding sites \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Myosin heads bind to actin and undergo power stroke causing sarcomere shortening and muscle contraction \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
–When nervous stimulation ceases (no more ACh release and AP stimulation), the majority of Ca2+in the sarcoplasm is pumped back into SR by SERCA pumps (active transport) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
•This causes intracellular calcium concentration to decrease and contraction to end \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
–Muscle fiber begins to relax \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
•Some calcium is pumped out of the cell by Ca pumps (active transport)  in the sarcolemma% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Model of Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Myosin heads bind to actin (cross bridge formation) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Sliding of the thin filaments with respect to the thick begins as power stroke of the myosin heads take place \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•Cross bridges form and break several times, ratcheting thin filaments toward center of sarcomere–Causes shortening of muscle fiber \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
–Pulls Z discs toward M line \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•I bands shorten; Z discs closer; H zones disappear; A bands of adjacent sarcomeres move closer together (A band length stays same)% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Length-Tension Relationship}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Sarcomere shortening produces tension within a muscle% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Length-Tension Relationship}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–Optimal resting length \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•The ideal thin and thick filament overlap that allows for the maximum number of actin/myosin cross bridge formations \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•Maximum tension (force) generated during contraction \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Your muscles actually rest at this length!% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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