\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{jjovann}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chapter-9-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jjovann)
  /Subject (Chapter 9.2 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{000000}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7F7F7}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 9.2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jjovann} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/67730/cs/17545/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jjovann \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jjovann} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 22nd October, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intro to Skeletal Muscle Physiology}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•In order for contraction of skeletal muscle to occur, electrical signals (action potentials) from motor neurons must be transformed into chemical signals (neurotransmitters) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
–Takes place at the neuromuscular junction \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•These chemical signals then stimulate electrical signals in sarcolemma of the muscle fiber - if the chemical stimulation is strong enough. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
•The electrical signal in the muscle fiber (action potential) then activate a series of events that lead to the shortening of the skeletal muscle fiber% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intro to Skeletal Muscle Physiology}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Predominant theory of skeletal muscle contraction–Well supported by research \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Sliding filament model of \seqsplit{contraction–Interactions} between the thin and thick filaments of the sarcomere produce the contraction (shortening) of a skeletal muscle cell \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
–In relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap slightly \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
–During contraction, thin filaments slide toward the m-line past the thick filaments actin and myosin overlap more \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
•Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin and pull cross bridges and power stroke% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Action Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Brief overview of action potential (AP)–AP dependent on voltage gated Na+ and K+ channel interactions \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
–Normal resting membrane voltage   \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•There is a difference in charges inside the cell vs outside –Inside charge is negative compared to outside (outside value is 0) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
•Na+ at high concentration outside the cell vs inside•K+ at high concentration inside the cell vs outside% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Events that transmit AP along sarcolemma lead to sliding of myofilaments \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•AP brief; ends before contraction \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
–However, causes rise in intracellular Ca2+contraction \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Latent period \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Time when E-C coupling events occur \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Time between AP initiation and beginning of contraction% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events in Generation of an Action Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Depolarizationphase - generation and propagation of an action potential (AP) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–End plate potential spreads to adjacent membrane areas \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
–Voltage-gated Na+ channels open–Na+ influx decreases membrane voltage (makes less negative) toward critical voltage called threshold \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
•Membrane voltage in which AP will begin \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
–If threshold reached, AP initiated \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Rapid increase in amount of open voltage gated sodium channels \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
•Rapid Na+  influx into the cell leads to fast positive change in voltage of the intracellular side of membrane \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
•Na+ flows into the cell, down its electrochemical gradient \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
–Once initiated, is unstoppable muscle fiber contraction% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuromuscular Junction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Situated midway along length of muscle fiber \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by gel-filled space called synaptic cleft \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain ACh receptors \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
–nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•NMJ includes axon terminals, synaptic cleft, junctional folds% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical and Electrical Gradients of  Muscle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Chemical gradients of skeletal muscle at rest–Comparison intracellular {[}X{]} vs. extracellular {[}X{]} (Sarcoplasmic vs. interstitial) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Intracellular {[}Ca{]} very low•Intracellular {[}Na{]} very low \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Intracellular {[}K{]} high \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•At rest, the average skeletal muscle cell internal membrane voltage (charge at the surface of the intracellular portion of the plasma membrane) is -95mV with respect to a 0 mV outside membrane voltage \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
–The charge at the surface of the extracellular side of the membrane is almost always 0mV% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical and Electrical Gradients of Muscle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Generic graphic for a skeletal muscle cell \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Compares membrane voltage and concentrations of important ions inside vs. outside% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{concentrations are also applicable to most neurons}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events at the Neuromuscular Junction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal   ACh released into synaptic cleft \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•ACh diffuses across cleft (from high concentration to low) and binds with ACh receptors on sarcolemma  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•Electrical events  generation of action potential% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Generation of an Action Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Resting sarcolemma polarized \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Voltage across membrane different \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Action potential in sarcolemma caused by changes in electrical charges \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Occurs in three steps \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–End plate potential \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Depolarization \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Repolarization% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events in Generation of an Action Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•AP spreads across sarcolemma •Voltage-gated Na+ channels open in adjacent sarcolemma portions causing them to depolarize to threshold \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
–Spreads across sarcolemma very quickly% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events of Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•AP propagated along the sarcollema and into T-tubules \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•AP travels down into the T-tubules where it activates DHP receptors \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•DHP receptors \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–These voltage-sensitive proteins allow a small amount of calcium to flow into the sarcoplasm but also mechanically stimulate the Ryanodine receptors on the SR \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
•The Ryanodine receptors are the calcium "flood gates" of the SR \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
–When stimulated by the DHP receptors, the  ryanodine receptors allow Ca2+ release from SR into the sarcoplasm \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
–This increases sarcoplasmic calcium concentration supplying the majority of Ca2+ necessary for contraction of skeletal muscle% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•For skeletal muscle to contract \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Activation (at neuromuscular junction) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Must be nervous system stimulation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Must generate action potential in sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{–Excitation-contraction} coupling \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Action potential propagated along sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Intracellular Ca2+ levels must rise briefly leading to the onset of contraction% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nerve Stimulus and Events at the NMJ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Skeletal muscles stimulated by somatic motor neurons \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Under voluntary control•Axons of motor neurons travel from central nervous system via nerves (bundles of mostly neuron axons) to skeletal muscle \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•Each axon may form several branches as it enters whole muscle  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Each axon ending forms a neuromuscular junction with single muscle fiber% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Destruction of Acetylcholine}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•ACh effects quickly terminated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Breaks down ACh to acetate and choline \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
–Prevents continued muscle fiber contraction in absence of additional stimulation% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gen of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•End plate potential (local depolarization) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–ACh binding opens chemically (ligand) gated ion channels \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
–Simultaneous diffusion of Na+ (inward) and K+(outward) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•More Na+ diffuses in, so interior of sarcolemma becomes less negative \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
–Local depolarization = end plate potential% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Events in Generation of an Action Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Repolarization – restoring electrical conditions of RMP \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Voltage-gated K+ channels begin to open \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
–K+efflux (outflow) begins to outpace Na+ influx•rapidly restores resting polarity (makes negative again) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•Na+ are closing, eventually decreasing Na+ influx \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
–Another muscle fiber depolarization AP cannot be stimulated \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•in refractory period until repolarization complete \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
–Eventually, K+ channels close (lowers K+ efflux) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
–Chemical and electrical conditions of resting state restored by Na+-K+pump and K+ leaking out of the cell through K+leak channels% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Channels Involved in Initiating Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Nerve impulse (AP) reaches axon terminal voltage-gated calcium channels open ACh released to synaptic cleft \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•ACh binds to its receptors on sarcolemma  opens ligand-gated Na+ and K+ channels  end plate potential  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•Opens voltage-gated Na+ channels  AP propagation  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•Voltage-sensitive proteins in T tubules (DHP receptors) change shape and activate the Ryanodine receptorsSR releases Ca2+ to cytosol% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}