\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{jjovann} \pdfinfo{ /Title (chapter-9-1.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (jjovann) /Subject (Chapter 9.1 Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{000000} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7F7F7} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 9.1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jjovann} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/67730/cs/17528/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}jjovann \\ \uline{cheatography.com/jjovann} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th October, 2018.\\ Updated 20th October, 2018.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Cell}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Beneath the connective tissue of the endomysium is the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of an individual muscle cell \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) •The cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of a skeletal muscle fiber is chocked full of contractile proteins arranged in contractile bands called myofibrils \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) –These are the sites that physically shorten in order to produce muscle tension% Row Count 8 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Important Sarcomere Proteins}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Elastic filaments \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Composed of protein titin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Holds thick filaments in place; helps filaments recoil after stretch \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •Also resists excessive stretching \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Dystrophin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Nebulin, myomesin, C proteins bind filaments or sarcomeres together \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) –Important in maintenance of alignment% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Important Sarcomere Proteins}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Elastic filaments \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Composed of protein titin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Holds thick filaments in place; helps filaments recoil after stretch \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •Also resists excessive stretching \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Dystrophin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Nebulin, myomesin, C proteins bind filaments or sarcomeres together \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) –Important in maintenance of alignment% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Important Sarcomere Proteins}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Elastic filaments \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Composed of protein titin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Holds thick filaments in place; helps filaments recoil after stretch \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •Also resists excessive stretching \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Dystrophin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Nebulin, myomesin, C proteins bind filaments or sarcomeres together \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) –Important in maintenance of alignment% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Important Sarcomere Proteins}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Elastic filaments \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Composed of protein titin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Holds thick filaments in place; helps filaments recoil after stretch \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •Also resists excessive stretching \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Dystrophin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Nebulin, myomesin, C proteins bind filaments or sarcomeres together \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) –Important in maintenance of alignment% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Myofibril Banding Pattern}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Orderly arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments within sarcomere \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –Actin myofilaments = thin filaments \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) •Extend across I band and partway in A band \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) •Anchored to Z discs \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) –Myosin myofilaments = thick filaments \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) •Extend length of A band \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Connected at M line% Row Count 8 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Fiber Structures}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Myofibril \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Densely packed, rod-like elements \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) – \textasciitilde{}80\% of cell volume \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –Contain sarcomeres \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) - contractile units \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Sarcomeres contain myofilaments (contractile proteins of muscle) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) –Exhibit striations \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) - perfectly aligned repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) •Transverse (T)-Tubules \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) –Tunnels of sarcolemma that run from the surface of the muscle cell to the inner regions \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) –Open to the outside of the fiber and are filled with interstitial fluid \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) –Muscle AP's travel along sarcolemma and down into the T-tubules \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) •Allows for quick spreading of AP throughout the muscle fiber and almost equal instantaneous excitation% Row Count 20 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of Muscular Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Muscles makes up a large percentage of the body's weight \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –Nearly half \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) •Their main functions are to: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Create motion \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •muscles work with nerves, bones, and joints to produce body movements \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) –Stabilize body positions and maintain posture \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) •Sustained contractions of your neck muscles keep your head upright while you are paying attention in lecture!!! \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3) –Store substances within organs using sphincters \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) •Sphincters in your bladder keep you from micturating all over yourself \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) –Move substances throughout the body by peristaltic contractions \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) •Moving food down your esophagus or through the intestines. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2) –Generate heat through thermogenesis \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1) •Shivering is involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle to increase the rate of heat production% Row Count 22 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•In groups of muscles, the epimysium continues to become thicker forming a fascia which covers many muscles \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) –This graphic shows the fascia lata enveloping the entire group of quadriceps and hamstring muscles% Row Count 6 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Each muscle served by one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –Enter/exit near central part and branch through connective tissue sheaths \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) –Every skeletal muscle fiber supplied by neuron ending that controls its activity \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) –High metabolic rate when contracting \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •Uses large amounts of ATP \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) •Huge nutrient and oxygen need \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) •Generates large amount of waste% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Muscle}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Myo, mys, and sarco \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - prefixes for muscle \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) •Three main types of muscle in the human body \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –Skeletal \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Cardiac \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) –Smooth% Row Count 6 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Many large muscle groups are encased in both a superficial and deep fascia% Row Count 2 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium all are continuous with the connective tissues that form tendons, ligaments, and muscle fascia (connect muscles to other muscles to form groups of muscles) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5) –Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) •Support cells; reinforce whole muscle \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) •External to internal \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) –Epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) –Perimysium: fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of 10-100 muscle fibers) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) »Fascicles form the "grain" in meat \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) –Endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber% Row Count 15 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Cell}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•You will need to learn the names of the internal structures of the muscle fiber \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –Sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –Sarcoplasm \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Myofibril \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) –T-tubules \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Triad \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) –Terminal cisterns \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) –Sarcoplasmic reticulum \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) –Sarcomere% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Fiber Structures}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Sarcoplasmic Reticulum \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Similar to the smooth edoplasmic reticulum of the typical cell \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) –Stores and releases calcium ions, amongst many other functions \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) •Terminal Cisternae \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Dilated end sacks of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that butt against the T-tubules \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) –Allow for quick release of Ca2+ from SR into sarcoplasm when stimulated \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) •Triad \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) –Formed from a T-tubule and two terminal cisterns% Row Count 13 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thin Filaments}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Twisted double strand of fibrous protein F actin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) •F actin consists of G (globular) actin subunits \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •G actin bears active sites for myosin head attachment during contraction \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) •Tropomyosin and troponin \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) - regulatory proteins bound to actin% Row Count 8 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Muscle}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Skeletal muscles \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Organs attached to bones and skin \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Elongated cells called muscle fibers \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) •Skeletal muscle fiber and skeletal muscle cell are the same thing \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) •Some are quite long \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –The Sartorious muscle contains single fibers that are at least 30 cm long \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) –Striated (striped) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) •Microscopic arrangement of contractile units give striated appearance \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) –Multinucleate \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) –Voluntary (i.e., conscious control) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) –Require nervous system stimulation for contraction% Row Count 15 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Muscular Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable, or "irritable" \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –they have the ability to respond to a stimulus \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) •Unlike nerves, however, muscles are also: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Contractible \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) –Extensible \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Elastic% Row Count 7 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Skeletal muscles attach in at least two places \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Insertion \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) – movable bone \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –Origin \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) – immovable (less movable) bone \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Attachments can be direct or indirect \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Direct \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) —epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) –Indirect \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) —connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as rope like tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis% Row Count 12 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•An aponeurosis is essentially a thick, flat fascia that connects two muscle bellies. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –The epicranial aponeurosis connects the muscle bellies of the occipitalis and the frontalis to form "one" muscle: The occipitofrontalis% Row Count 5 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structures}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Sarcolemma \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –The plasma membrane of the muscle cell \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) •Sarcoplasm \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –The cytoplasm of the muscle cell \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Glycosomes for glycogen storage \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Contain a lot of glycogen \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) –Glucose polymer that can be hydrolyzed to provide glucose for ATP production when sarcoplasmic glucose levels fall during contraction \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) –Myoglobin \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) •Globular protein found only in muscle cells \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) •Binds oxygen that diffuses into the muscle cell from the interstitial fluid (fluid directly outside the cell) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3) –Similar to hemoglobin of red blood cells \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) •Releases oxygen when mitochondria need it to make ATP \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) •Function as quick oxygen reserve when sarcoplasmic O2 levels decline from high contractile rate leading to decrease in blood flow% Row Count 20 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Fiber Structure}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Increasing the level of magnification, the myofibrils are seen to be composed of sarcomeres \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) –The smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of skeletal muscle fibers \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) •Align along myofibril like boxcars of a train \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) •Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) •Contains A band with $\frac{1}{2}$ I band at each end•Z-discs form sarcomere boundary% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Muscle}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Cardiac muscle \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Only in heart; bulk of heart walls \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) –Branched short cells \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) –Striated–Uni or binucleate \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Can contract without nervous system stimulation \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) –Involuntary (not under conscious control) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) –More detail in Chapter 18 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) •Smooth muscle \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) –In walls of hollow organs, e.g., stomach, urinary bladder, and airways \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) –Non-striated \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) –Uninucleate \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) –Can contract with or without nervous system stimulation \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) –Involuntary% Row Count 16 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thick Filaments}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Composed of protein myosin \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) •Each composed of 2 heavy and 4 light polypeptide chains \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) –Myosin tails contain 2 interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) –Myosinheads contain 2 smaller, light polypeptide chains per head that act as cross bridges during contraction \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) •Binding sites for G-actin of thin filaments \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) •Binding sites for ATP \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) •ATPase enzyme activity% Row Count 11 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Muscular Tissue}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Electrical excitability \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) –Respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials (APs) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) •Contractility \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) –Muscle tissue contracts forcefully when stimulated by action potential \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) –Muscle contraction generates tension (force of contraction) while pulling on it's attachment points \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) –ATP used to power contraction \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) •Extensibility \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) –Muscle tissue is able to stretch, to a certain point, without being damaged. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) •Elasticity \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) –Muscle is able to return to it's normal length after being stretched or shortened (contracted).% Row Count 16 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}