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\author{jjovann}
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  /Title (chapter-11-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jjovann)
  /Subject (Chapter 11.1 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 11.1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jjovann} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/67730/cs/17762/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jjovann \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jjovann} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th November, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Axon: Functional Characteristics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Main electrical signal conducting region of neuron \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Generates and conveys nerve impulses (action potentials) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
–Transmits them along axolemma (neuronal cell membrane) to axon terminal \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Secretory region \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Neurotransmitters (NTs) are released into extracellular space in response to AP \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
•NTs either excite or inhibit cells with which axon terminals form synapses (chemical or electrical connections) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
•A single neuron may carry on many conversations with different neurons at same time through axonal branches \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
–Splitting of the axon that leads to multiple axon terminals \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•Lacks rough ER and Golgi apparatus \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
–Relies on cell body to renew proteins and membranes \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
–Efficient transport mechanisms move substances up and down axons \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
–Axons quickly decay if cut or damaged% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Astrocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Astrocytes are the most abundant CNS neuroglia.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Nervous and endocrine systems share responsibility for maintaining homeostasis \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Objective \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain life \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
–Nervous system \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Rapid response using action potentials \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Endocrine \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Slow response using hormones% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Classification of Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Sensory \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
–Almost all are Unipolar \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
–Cell bodies in ganglia in PNS \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Motor \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Carry impulses from CNS to effectors \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Multipolar \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
–Most cell bodies in CNS (except some autonomic neurons) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•Interneurons (association neurons) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
–Are typically found between motor and sensory neurons \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
–Shuttle signals through CNS pathways \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
•Most of the brain and spinal cord neurons are interneurons because they connect with each other and relay info \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
–99\% of body's neurons \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
–Most confined to CNS. However, ENS has some as well.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Helpful Mnemonic  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•S-A-M-E \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
–Sensory \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
–Afferent \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
–Motor \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–Efferent% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Somatic nervous system (SNS) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Somatic sensory neurons convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs to the CNS \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•Also includes receptors for senses such as hearing, vision, taste and smell \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
–Somatic motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles only \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•These motor responses can be consciously controlled meaning this part of the PNS is voluntary% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Dendrites (little trees) are the receiving end of the neuron. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Short, highly branched structures that receive neurotransmitter signals and conduct impulses (voltage changes) toward the cell body. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
–They may also contain some organelles.% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Neurons do not only secrete at the axon terminals, they can also take substances in.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Many substances that enter the neuron at the axon terminals can move to the cell body by fast retrograde transport. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•These substances include trophic chemicals (such as nerve growth factor)as well as harmful agents (such as tetanus toxin),and the viruses that cause rabies and polio. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
•A deep cut or puncture wound in the head or neck is a more serious matter than a similar injury in the leg because of the shorter transit time for the harmful neuropathogenic substance to reach the brain (treatment must begin quickly.)% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Synaptic end bulbs and other varicosities on the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called synaptic vesicles that store packets of neurotransmitter chemicals. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
–Many neurons contain two,or even three,types of neuro-transmitters, each with different effects on the postsynaptic cell.% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classifying Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Neurons display great diversity in size and shape –the longest ones are almost as long as a person is tall, extending from the toes to the lowest part of the brain. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
–The pattern of dendritic branching is varied and distinctive for neurons in different parts of the NS. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
–Some neurons have very short axons,or lack axons altogether. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
•Both structural and functional features are used to classify the various neurons in the body.% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Axon terminals  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–The axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine processes called axon terminals (telodendria).  Like the dendrites, telodendria may also be highly branched as they interact with the dendritic tree of neurons"downstream". \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
–The tips of some axon terminals swell into bulb-shaped structures called synaptic end bulbs.% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Electrical impulses,or action potentials (AP),cannot propagate across a synaptic cleft of neuronal synapses.  Instead, neurotransmitters are used to communicate at the synapse andre-establish, or inhibit, an AP in the postsynaptic cell. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•This is called a chemical synapse \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Chemical synapse \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
•The use of neurotransmitters to modify electrical activity in the post-synaptic cell \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
–Electrical Synapse \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•Allowing an electrical impulse to directly modify electrical activity in a post-synaptic cell \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•Uses gap junctions to allow the passage of ions between pre and post-synaptic cell% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The cell body (Perikaryon, or Soma) has the nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Like all cells, neurons contain organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, SER, and Rough ER (in neurons, RER is called Nissl bodies)  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
– it imparts a striped "tiger appearance".  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–No mitotic apparatusis present.% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histology of Nervous Tissue: Neuroglia}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Astrocytes (CNS) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Microglial cells (CNS) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Ependymal cells (CNS) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Oligodendrocytes (CNS) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•Satellite cells (PNS) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Schwann cells (PNS)% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microglial Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor health of neurons \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Migrate toward injured neurons \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris in CNS% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histology of Nervous Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Nervous tissue commonly exhibits high cell density with little extracellular space \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Tightly packed \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Two principal cell types \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
–Neurons (nerve cells)—excitable cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
–Neuroglia– small cells that support, surround, and wrap delicate neurons% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The autonomic nervous system (ANS) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Autonomic sensory receptors and Autonomic sensory neurons convey information from various body regions to the CNS \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•However, located primarily in visceral organs \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–Ex. Kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, etc.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
•Because these structures are not under conscious control, this division is considered involuntary \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
–Two motor subdivisions of the ANS \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
•Sympathetic nervous system \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
–Fight or flight \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
•Parasympathetic nervous system \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
–Rest and digest% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subdivisions of the Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Central nervous system (CNS) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Brain and spinal cord•In dorsal body cavity \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
–Integration and control center \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Peripheral nervous system (PNS) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–The portion of the nervous system outside CNS \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
•Spinal nerves to and from spinal cord \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Cranial nerves to and from brain% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Main Structures of the Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Brain \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Central control center \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
–\textasciitilde{}100 billion neurons \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Spinal chord \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
–Connects the brain to the nerves in the body \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–Contains about 100 million neurons \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Nerves \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Bundles of hundreds to thousands of axons \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
–Each nerve follows a defined path and serves a specific region of the body \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•Neuron \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
–Basic functional unit of the nervous system% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Axons conduct impulses "away"from the cell body toward another neuron or effector cell. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–The "axon hillock" is where the axon joins the cell body. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
–The "initial segment" is the beginning of the axon. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
–The "trigger zone" is the junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment.% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–Neurons gather information at dendrites \newline •process it in the dendritic tree and cell body. \newline –Then they transmit the information down their axon to the axon terminals.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The site of communication between two neurons,or between a neuron and another effector cell,is called a synapse. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•The synaptic cleft is the gap between the pre and post-synaptic cells.% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Though there are several different types of neurons, most have; \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–A cell body \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
–An axon \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
–Dendrites \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
–Axon terminals% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Many substances that are synthesized or recycled in the neuron cell body are needed in the axon, or at the axon terminals. Two types of transport systems carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminals and back. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
–Slow axonal transport  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•conveys axoplasm, mostly,in one direction only – from the cell body toward the axon terminals. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
–Fast axonal transport  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•moves materials in both directions. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•Anterograde (forward)  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
–Uses motor proteins to move organelles and synaptic vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
•Retrograde (backward) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
–Uses motor proteins to move membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled.% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The Enteric Nervous system (ENS) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–ENS is also known as the "brain of the gut" \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
–Enteric Sensory receptors monitor and communicate the conditions of, and in, the GI tract to the interneurons (integration neurons) of the ENS and to the CNS \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
–Enteric Motor neurons modify GI propulsion, acid, glandular, and hormonal \seqsplit{secretions.–Involuntary} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
–Enteric Interneurons may process enteric sensory information and decide to modify GI muscle contraction and secretion through enteric motor neurons, if needed. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
–Once considered part of the ANS, the ENS consists of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses that extend most of the length of the GI tract. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
•Some actions of ENS can be modified by ANS \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
•Some sources still list GI control under the ANS \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
–To be covered in more detail in A and P 2% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classifying Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Structural classification is based on the number of processes (axons or dendrites) extending from the cell body.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Two main functional divisions \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Sensory (afferent) division \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Somatic sensory fibers—convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Visceral sensory fibers—convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
–Motor (efferent) division  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
•Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
–Muscles and glands \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
–Three subdivisions of peripheral nervous system  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
•Somatic nervous system \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
•Autonomic nervous system \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
•Enteric nervous system% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Astrocytes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial (neuroglial) cells \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
–Star shaped \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Functions include \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Support and brace neurons \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Play very important role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
–Guide migration of young neurons \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
–Control chemical environment around neurons \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
–Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
–Influence neuronal functioning \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
•Participate in information processing in brain% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Sensory input \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
–Sensory receptors detect internal and external changes  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
–Carried to the brain through the spinal and some cranial nerves \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Integration \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
–Processing and interpretation of sensory input \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
–Perception is an important integrated function \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Conscious awareness of stimuli \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Occurs in the brain•Motor output \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
–Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) through spinal and some cranial nerves to produce a response \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
•Causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}