\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{jhundal} \pdfinfo{ /Title (botany-223.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (jhundal) /Subject (Botany 223 Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{10A386} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F0F9F7} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Botany 223 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jhundal} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/25038/cs/6426/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}jhundal \\ \uline{cheatography.com/jhundal} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st February, 2016.\\ Updated 12th May, 2016.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{2} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.2 - Primary Molecules}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Carbohydrates}} - mono = glucose, ribose, fructose, di = sucrose, poly = starch, cellulose, for energy and structure} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(carbs-poly) {\emph{amylose}} = linear, tight helicles, harder to break down, {\emph{amylopectin}} = branched, easier to mobilize} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cellulose}} - most abundant, fibers cross link like ribbons via H-bond, herbivores cant break down} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Lipids}} - energy storage (fats/oils), membrane structure (phospholipids, sterols), protection from UV and desiccation (waxes)} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{sat fat}} - no dd {\emph{unsat fat}} - dd} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{oils are stored in {\bf{cytoplasm and chloroplasts }}} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{plants make dedicated storage proteins} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{long term sorage of nitrogen in {\bf{protein body, vacuole and chloroplasts}}} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.4 - Tissues}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{each organ is made of three tissues - dermal, vascular, ground} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{simple}} - one type of cell {\bf{complex}} - more than one type of cell} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{herbaceous}} plants grow via {\emph{apical meristem}}} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{woody plants}} grow using {\emph{apical and lateral mersitems}}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3 kinds of tissues}} - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{parenchyma tissue}} - think 1º, no 2º, alive, storage} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{collenchyma tissue}} - group in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot, unevenly thick primary wall, no 2º, alive, support} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{sclerenchyma tissue}} - extremely thick 2º wall, heavily lignified 1º, dead, support, 2 shapes sclerids star/round or long thin w/tappered ends} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{parenchyma = food we eat} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{protoderm = dermal, ground meristem = ground, procambium = vascular} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{xylem}} - water conducting, tracheids and vessels(angiosperm only), water flows through conducting cells via pits in cell wall} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{phloem}} -sugar conducting, sieve tube, companion cells} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{epidermis}} - single layer on surface of all organelle, cuticle (waxy), cell types: pavement, guard, trichomes} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{periderm}} - lateral cork cambium, cork cells (box cells), infused with tannins, suberin and ligning} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 3) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.4 - Tissues (cont)}} \tn % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{lenticels are a group of parenchyma cells in periderm, pourous opening in the cork layer} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.6 - Stems}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{young parts of stem *procambium, 1º vascular cambium tissue system, 1º xylem and phloem} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{old parts of stem *vascular cambium, 2º vascular tissue system, periderm} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{monocots}} - scattered vasucluar bundles , one cotyledon} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{dicot}} - vascular bundles in ring, two cotyledon} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{vascular ray cells run radially through xylem and phloem to connect} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{metabolic function is to convert {\bf{xylem ray cells to heartwood}}} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{heartwood}} = structural} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{sapwood}} = structural and conduction} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{how we we know a stem (rhizomes) isnt a root... {\bf{vascular bundle arrangement}}} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{bulb}} shorterned stem with modified leaves} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{corms}} are compact underground stems, nutrient storage organs} \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{stolons}} runners are above ground stem to reproduction} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{tubers}} nutrient storage, high in starch} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{some tendrils are modified stems} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 1) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{phyllodes}} are flat stems used for photosynthesis on a cacti} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{many ferns have undergound {\bf{rhizomes}}} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.9 - Water in Plants}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{water potential}} is determined by presence of solutes, pressure, and gravity} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{if water potential is {\bf{lower inside the cell}} than outside then its {\bf{turgid}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{if water potential is {\bf{higher inside the cell}} than outside its flaccid} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Turgid}} - water moves into cell, Ys is large and negative,} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{water enters root cells via {\bf{osmosis}}} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{symporters}} transport two compounds together eg) H+ over PM with ions} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{symplastic}} - cross PM at root hairs, {\bf{apoplastic}} - cross PM at endodermis, due to casparian strip and ensodermis must cross a PM} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{atmosphere is always dryer than cell surface so it keeps taking water from cell which is replaced by neighbour until it is replaced by xylem, = negative pressure} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{photosynthesis-transpiration connundrum}} 0 cell surface must be wet to allow CO2 to dissolve and be used in photosynthesis this leads to H2O loss, stomata must be open to allow CO2 in, water is lost!} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 5) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{guttation}} negative pressure in xylem, transpiration is very low and soil moisture is very high, water is pushed from soil to leaf surface (out of vein tip and hydathodes)} \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 4) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{most stomata are open duiring the day and closed at night} \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{night}} - flaccid, solution concentration is the same in guard cells and apoplast} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.9 - Water in Plants (cont)}} \tn % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{day}} being K+ pump into guard cell} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{environemental factors can over ride this - water stress - high T (lots of CO2)} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Phloem}} - source - mature leaves to sinks - young leafs} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{how does phloem move?}} from source (sucrose is accumulated into sieve tube by ATP) to sink (uptake of water into phloem) , positive pressure moves water and sucrose by bulk flow} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 4) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{short distance}} = diffusion, active transport/pumpting {\bf{long distances}} = bulk flow} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 - Metabolism (Photosynthesis2)}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jhundal_1450144994_download.jpeg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.11 - Growth and Development}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Rhytisma Punctatum}} - tarspot fungus that causes green spots on bigleaf maple} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3 phases of physiological responses}} - 1.perception (signal) 2. transduction (receptor and messenger molecules)} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin}} - promotes organ formation at SAM, encourages fruit growth, control branching, apical dominance and advantageous roots, promotes cell and organ growth by cell loosening which leads to cell expansion} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{leaf miners}} use {\bf{bacterial endosymbiosis}} to make enough cytokinins to keep plant alive} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{green revolution}} crops are shorter so they will yield more this is done by {\bf{Rht genes}}} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{removal of auxillary bud}} branching issues and auxillary bug flush {\bf{add auxin}} auxilary bug stay dormant and branching is suppressed} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gibberellins}} - promotes juvenile to adult, cell expansion, seed germination, breaking seed dormancy and mobilize stored nutrients} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cytokinins}} - promotes cell division and shoot formation, making them live longer (made in root tips and transported up through plant )} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Absisic Acid}} - (tolerance) inhibitory, seed dormancy and resistance to cold/drought, control closing of stomata (in response to water stress)} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 3) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ethylene}} - leaf abcission, senescence, ripening, allows seedling to break through soil} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{tropic}} = directional {\bf{nastic}} = nondirectional} \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.11 - Growth and Development (cont)}} \tn % Row 11 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{phototropism}} - growing towards light, detected by blue light receptors where they touch PM auxin accumulates} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{heliotropism}} - solar tracking} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{gravitropism}} - gravity, resting position of statoliths where they touch PM auxin accumulates} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{thighmotropism}} - response to touch by curling of tendrils to get support (nutation)} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2 types of photoreceptor - {\bf{phytochromes}} - red light, seed germination and shade avoidance {\bf{cryptochromes}} - blue light, germination, elongation, photoperiodism} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 4) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{PFr}} - seed germination and flowering} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 17 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pr}} - stem elongation} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 17 - Cyanobacteria}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{photosynthesis began by cyanobacteria being absorbed through {\bf{endosymbiosis}} into a eukaryotic cell} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cyanobacteria live in moist locations as well as symbionts} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{biological soil}} - sediments that root down soil and protects tilting from dust} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria are an attractice symbiotic partner} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{what inhibits nitrogen fixing and how does the plant get around it}} - oxygen and by making lots of ATP this takes place in specialized cells called heteocysts} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{N2 fixing prokaryotes stored in {\bf{root nodules}} (protect from oxygen)} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{heterocysts}} - large thick walled cell in the filament of certain cyanobacteria that perform nitrogen fixation} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cyanobacteria have high concentrations of {\bf{caretenoid pigments}}} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cyanobacterial bloom}} - toxic, smothering,when its decomposing it causes an oxygen deficiency in water} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{overuse of fertilizer}} - phosphorus is limiting - leaks into water it can create algae or cyanobacterial bloom, creates dead zones in water} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 3) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cyanobacteria can move via {\bf{surface waves or slime expulsion}}} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 19 Fungi}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{defining characteristics}} - eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell walls made of chitin, glycogen storage, haplontic} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{unicellular}} = yeasts, {\bf{multicellular}} = hyphae make up} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{septate hypae}} = crosswalls {\bf{coenocytic hyphae}} = no crosswalls} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{fungi eat dead and moist plants and animal material, biotrophs/parasites} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mutualistic fungi}} - mycorrhiza(N2 fixing), endophytes(in plants between cells), lichens(mutualistic relationship with fungi and algae/cyanobacteria)} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{septate}} make asexual spores into a conidium (beads sausage links)} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{coenocytic}} make asexual spores in bound sporangium (ballon of spores)} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Chytridiomycetes}} - aquatic, decomposers, parasites, mutualists, coenocytics, flagellated spores and gams eat algae} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Zygomycetes}} - pin/sugar molds, eat fluff mycelium, coenocytic hyphae, asexual spores in sporangium, thick walled resistant zygospores} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{soy needs ot be treated before we eat it because it has defence mechanisms that protect seeds} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ascomycota}} - largest group, unicellular = yeast, multicellular = morel,fungi, asex spore = conidia sex spore = asek} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Basidiomycetes}} - cub fungi, spores on basidium, septate hyphae, sexual only, big diversity, spores exposed to outside, gills, teeth, inside open pores on convoluted outside of the mushroom} \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 4) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 19 Fungi (cont)}} \tn % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Lichens}} - symbiotically associated to green alga, ascomycete or basidiomycetes} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.23 - Seed Plants and Angiosperms}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{angiosperms make flowers and the fruit around their flowers} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{eudicots}} have a fixed number of organs} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{basal angiosperms}} have a variable number of organs} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{flowers are anefficient way to communicate to pollinators and disperse seeds/communicate with seed dispersers} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{what is a flower?}} - shoot apical meristem that transitions to a terminal flower meristem, needs all four organs} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. sepals 2. petals 3. stamen 4. carpel} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{after polination and initiation of seed development the petal and stamen tend to dry up and fall off} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4 types of modified leaves} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1 flower at the end of a stalk(aka penduncle) (or inflorenscent)} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{perfect vs. imperfect}} - perfect is f/m imperfect is f or m} \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{imperfect}} can be monoceious - f/m on same plant or dioecious - f/m on different plants} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{angiosperm life cycle}} - mitiotic divisions make 3 nuclei (1 tube nucleus, 2 sperm nucleus - 1 to egg(zygote2n) 1 to polar nuclei(endosperm3n))} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{main diff. betwen gymno/angio}} - ovule placement gym = surface of sporo, ang = in sporo seed nutritive tissue - gym = fem gam, ang = endosperm} \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{mature ovary pepicarp has 3 layer {\bf{( enocarp, mesocarp, exocarp )}}} \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{dry}} - indehiscent and dehiscent {\emph{corn and acorn}}} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.23 - Seed Plants and Angiosperms (cont)}} \tn % Row 15 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{fleshy}} - berries, drupes and pommes {\emph{apples and pears}} each fruitlet of a berry is a drupe} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.3 - Cells}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cellulose}} - linear b glucose polymer, extend cell wall space through the plasma membrane made via cellulose synthase, control layout of micro tubule tracks to control the shape} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{hemicellulose}} and {\bf{pectin}} are made via golgi apparatus and excytosed to cell wall} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{hemicellulose}} keeps fibrils in place hetero polysaccharide: glucose, xylose, arabin} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pectin}} {\emph{plays big role in middle lamella}} hetero polysaccharide: galacturonic acid, gel forming making cell walls pliable} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{GMO}} dont want food to degrade (reduce levels of polygalacturonase)} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cell wall and cell division}} - cytokinisis} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Primary Cell Wall}} - thin, growing and dividing, pliable and eleastic, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Secondary Cell Wall}} - thick, inside primary, hard and rigid(cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin), dead, often lignified} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{plasmodesmata}} - cytoplasmic connections between plants , a tube of plasma membrane that has ER running through it, made during mytotic division} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{apoplast}} - cell wall space of connected cells {\emph{symplast}} = cytoplasm of connected cells} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Golgi Apparatus}} - where glycoproteins and complex polysacchairdes are made {\emph{important for diving or secretory cells}}} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Plastids}} - chloro(contain caretenoids, and chlorophyll), amylo(in starch storage organs), proplast, own genome, self replicating, endosymbiotic origin,} \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 4) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.3 - Cells (cont)}} \tn % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{chromoplasts}} are {\emph{yellow, red or orange}}*} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Vacuole}} - peanut in an M\&M, storage, anthocyanin pigments, {\bf{Cheap growth}}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{sometimes plant over accumulate CA2+ and it gets put in the vacuole then precipitated out as crystals {\emph{defensive!}}} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{tannins}} denature and precipitate proteins} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.5 - Roots}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cortex (ground tissue) stores starch} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{dicots root's vascular cylinder froms a solid central core, in monocots its a parenchyma central pth} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{xylem in center/phloem towards outside, endodermis and oericycle surround x/p} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{top and bottom and side walls of roots are impregnanted with endodermal cell and are lignified and suberinized = apoplastic barrier} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{significance of endodermis}} only minerals that have corresponding plasma membrane transport proetins are allowed into vascular systems} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pericycle}} - meristematic acticity,, in plant with secondary growth, vascular cork cambium originates here} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{young root}} = PAM {\bf{old root}} = SAM or LAM, VC or CC} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{in roots that undergo secondary growth...}} cortex and endodermis are destroyed as roots expand in girth from activity of vascular cambium, in old thick roots periderm (made from cork cambium) functionally repalces the endodermis} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 5) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{drop roots}} = air} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ propagative roots}} = cloans} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{aerial roots}} = prop roots} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 1) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{buttress}} = architectural support, compost bins} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 1) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pneutophore}} = underwater airflow} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{contractile}}} \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 1) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mycorrhizae}} symbiotic mutualistic relationship between vascular plant and fungus} \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 2) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{fungal hyphae}} is better than root hairs, (finer and reach furthur)} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch.5 - Roots (cont)}} \tn % Row 16 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{root nodules}} - symbiotic (mutualistic) association between roots and nitrogen fixing bacteria} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 7 - Leaves}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{where do leaves come from}} - leaf auxillary bud primordia produced on flanks of SAM} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{phyllotaxy}} - leaf arrangement on stem, alternate/spiral, opposite, whorled} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{spiral phyllotaxy follows {\bf{fibonacci sequences}}} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{leaves have different shapes based on age stage} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{colourful modified leaves are called {\bf{bracts}} and are used to bring attention to inconspicuous flowers} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{parts of the leaf}} - petiole, blade, sheath} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{shapes}} - simple, compound} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{vein pattern}} - parallell(mono) or netted(di)} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{simple leaves}} - smooth, toothed, lobed} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{compound leaves}} - pinnately, palmately} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{tissues are the same as the rest of the body {\bf{dermal = epidermis, ground = mesophyll, vascular = x/p}}} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{epidermal}} - gives strength to leaf, transparent, cuticle, sotmata, specialized cells = trichomes, bulliform} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{guard cells}} define site of stomata, random in dicots, lines in monocot} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 2) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{leaf modifications}} - tendrils, insect traps, bromends} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{why do leafs fall in the winter? {\bf{degredation fo pectin in middle lamella causes cells to separate from each other, leaf falls off}}} \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 - Metabolism (Cellular Respiration)}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jhundal_1450144579_c9x6cell-respiration.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 - Metabolism (Photosynthesis1)}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jhundal_1450144736_Thylakoid_membrane.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 - Alternation of Generations}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mitosis}} - asexual reproduction one cell = two cells, (G2, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis)} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{meiosis}} - same process steps but they do it twice, sexual (crossing over, segregation of alles), 1 cell = 4 cells} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{how to determine the life cycle? {\bf{phase of meiosis}}, {\bf{product of spores}}} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{diplontic life cycle}} - mitosis = diploid, meiosis = gamete} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{haplodiplontic/alternation of generation}} - mitosis in haploid/diploid phase, diploid = sporophyte, haploid = gametophyte, haploid spores divide via mitosis to make gametes} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{alternation of generation}} - meiosis in ovule makes haploid megaspore -\textgreater{} mitosis = female gam, meiosis in anther makes haploid microspore -\textgreater{} mitosis = male gam,} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{similarities between cycles}} - haploid/diploid phases, differences between cycles, mitotic divisions (where), what types of cell mitosis makes} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 18 - Protists}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{habitat}} - mostly aquatic, and some terrestrial} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{nutrition}} - auto, mix, hetero} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Chlorophyta}} - green algae, such diversity, land pants and green algae (chlorophyll b, starch is energy storage, similar type of cell wall)} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{paralytics shellfish poisoning = saxitoxins} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Chlorella}} - unicellular green algae, CBC, superfood} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Chromophyta}} - brown algae and diatoms, diatoms are important primary producers, rich in lipids and carbs, silica glass cell {\emph{thickner - alginate}}} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Diatoms}} - big part of sediments(dynamite), reproduce until they are too small} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{amnestic shellfish poisoning}} - domoic acid bio accumulates} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Charophyta}} - close relative of land plants} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{snow algae}} - green microalgae, chlamydomoans, chloromoans, astaxanthins = red colour} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Rhydophyta}} - red algae, red due to physcobilins, grows deepest, largest, most common, nori} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Dinoflagellates}} - complez chloro, hetero and auto,} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{add iron dust to ocean to improve algal growth} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 22 - Angiosperms}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{where did seeds come from? retention of female gametophytes on sporophyte} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{limited resources when female gametophyte is out on its own} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{what if we kept the megaspore snide the megasporangium {\bf{integument invention!}}} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{how will the sperm get in now? via {\bf{pollen}}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{vascular seedless}} - sporophyte dominant hetero and homogenous free living gametophyte nourishes young sporophyte spore in dispersal phase} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{seed plants}} - sporophyte dominant heterosporous integument microgametphyte is released new sporophyte is in a seed seed in disperal phase} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cycads}} look like palm trees cycads male cone sporophylls in cone carry microsporangia full cycad female cone envision ovules on surface of sporophylls} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ginko}} no fruit nuts are smelly, and can cause skin irritation, but are delicacy in some places} \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gnetophyte}} CAM vessels in xylem half ephedra - joint stems and leaves half gnetum - broad leafs and occur in the tropics primarily as vines welwitschia is confined to southwest african deserts, its stem is in the form of a shallow cup with strap like leaves that extend from the rim; basal meristem on leaves continually add to the length} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 7) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Conifers}} old and tall extra tough seeds needles for leaves male cones hold microsporangium female/ovulate hold megasoprangium some cones shatter instead of falling apart many cupressaceace make globose cones juniper berries are globose cones that have scales that have fused together conifers make lots of resin - absorbed via resin ducts or canals resin has lots of uses amber is fossilized resin} \tn % Row Count 35 (+ 9) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}