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  /Title (biol-202-midterm.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jhundal)
  /Subject (BIOL 202 MIDTERM Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BIOL 202 MIDTERM Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jhundal} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/25038/cs/7180/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jhundal \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jhundal} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 17th February, 2016.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 1 (Chapter 1) - Studying ecology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition of Ecology}} & the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment \tn 
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{\bf{Hierarchical Nature of Ecology}} & individual, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biome, biosphere \tn 
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{\bf{Different Approach to Studying Ecology}} & 1. natural 2. field 3. semi-field 4. lab \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{Hypothesis Testing}} & cant be proven, prediction can be true but you can only falsify a hypothesis \tn 
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% Row 4
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{\bf{2 Approaches to Hypothesis Testing}} & 1. observational 2. experiemental \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Terrestrial Environment}}  \tn
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{\bf{Requirements to Life on Land}} & desiccation, gravity, temperature fluctuation \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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{\bf{Light in Forests}} & sunflecks are unaltered light on forest floor, 70-80\% of light reaching forest floor \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Soil Properties}} & colour indicates soil properties, texture affects pore space, parent material, vegetation \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Soil Moisture}} & saturated pore cant hold more water, field capacity is the amount of water the soil holds when saturated, capilary water is hte water held between soil particles by capillary force, wiliting point is when plant can no longer extract water, available water capacity is the difference between field capacity and wilting point \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 15)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Soil Ion Exchange}} & ion exchange capacity is the total number of charged sites, clay and humus are negatively charged, cation exchange capacity is the total number of negatively charged sites in soil \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Water Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Properties of Water}} & hydrogen atoms are asymmetrically bonded and form covalent bonds, polar, H bonds break or form to release or obtain energy, less dense as a solid, insulates, cohesion, surface tension, viscosity \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{The Water Cycle}} & water covers 75\& of earth \tn 
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{\bf{Hydrologic Cycle}} & process by which water cycles from atmosphere to earths surface and back (driven by solar radiation (evaporation)) \tn 
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{\bf{Water Vapour}} & precipitates and enters the cycles; interception, groundwater, infiltration, evapotranspiration \tn 
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{\bf{Light}} & only longwave can penetrate shallow depths, coral and deep water algae dont get red light \tn 
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{\bf{Temperature}} & heat from sun si distributed vertically as wind and surface waves mix \tn 
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{\bf{Thermocline}} & zone where temperature declines most rapidly, located between epilimnion and hypolimnion \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 4-5 (Chapter 5-6)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Adaptation}} & is a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Natural Selection}} & different success in survival and reproduction of individuals that reflect their interactions with the environment, evolution by natural selection requires? variation, excess offspring, death of offspring, best offspring survive, variabel trait that allows for better survival and reproduction \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 14)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Clines}} & measurable, graudal chnage over a geographic region in the mean of a phenotypic trait associated with an environment gradient \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
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{\bf{Ecotype}} & population adapted to unique local conditions \tn 
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{\bf{Subspecies}} & a taxonomic category that ranks below species, usually a fairly permanent geographically isolated race. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 4-5 (Chapter 5-6) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Phenotypic Plasticity}} & the ability of a gene to express itself differently in response to the environment - s election is for plasticity not the trait \tn 
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{\bf{Stabilizing Selection}} & mean value of the trait is favoured, phenotype near the mean has the most fitness, most common type of selection \tn 
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{\bf{Directional Selection}} & extreme value of a trait is favoured \tn 
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{\bf{Disruptive Selection}} & members of a population are subjected to different selective pressures \tn 
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{\bf{Adaptive Radiation}} & one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of an environment (food,habitat) \tn 
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{\bf{Genetic Drift}} & random chnages in allele frequency usually due to small population size \tn 
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{\bf{Founders Effect}} & few individuals colonize an area - their genes, good or bad are passed on \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 4-5 (Chapter 5-6) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
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{\bf{Non-Random Mating}} & an individual chooses it's mates based on a phenotypic character (assortive mating), mating can be with similar mates or dissimilar, or can come about due to female mate choice \tn 
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{\bf{Gene Variation is Affected By}} & 1) mutation 2) genetic drift 3) gene flow 4) non-random mating \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations}}  \tn
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{\bf{C3}} & go through the Calvin cycle, taking in carbon dioxide through the leaves' minuscule pores, called stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine with sugar. \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Rubisco}} & enzyme builds sugars - costly to make \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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{\bf{max net photosynthesis}} & gross photosynthesis - respiration \tn 
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{\bf{transpiration}} & driven by atmosphere evaporative demand, how water is lost \tn 
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{\bf{stomata}} & release H2O and CO2 \tn 
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{\bf{water use efficiency}} & ratio of carbon fixed (photosynthesis) per unit of H2O transpired - terrestrial plants balance CO2 intake with water loss - drought tolerant plants have a higher WUE \tn 
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% Row 6
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{\bf{water potential}} & H2O movement is a function of differences  Y atm \textless{} Y leaf\textless{} Y root \textless{} Y soil \tn 
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{\bf{boundry layer}} & layer of still air (or water) adjacent to the leaf surface \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{carbon allocation}} & stem - support and encounter sunlight root - uptake of water, nutrients and storage  leaf - photosynthesis, roots =increase in H2O and nutrients uptake but lowers carbon allocation to leaves, leaves = increase access to light and CO2 but decrease H2O and nutrient uptake, Low soil water plants can allocate more carbon to roots \tn 
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{\bf{light compensation point (LCP)}} & net photosynthesis is zero (available PAR mean net net photosynthesis is zero) \tn 
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{\bf{light saturated point (LSP)}} & no furthur increase in photosynthesis (an increase in PAR will not increase the photosynthetic rate \tn 
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{\bf{temperature}} & photosynthesis and respiration respond variations in leaf temperature, both increase with temperature \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{water}} & demand for water is linked to temperature, plants balance water concentration by opening and closing stomata \tn 
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% Row 13
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{\bf{C4}} & C4 plants are divided between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Two steps of C4 photosynthesis that occur in the mesophyll cells are the light-dependent reactions and a preliminary fixation of CO2 into a molecule called malate. \tn 
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% Row 14
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{\bf{CAM}} & photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{nutrients}} & macro and micro nutrients, plant nutrients are related to metabolic processes, availability of nutrients influences plant survival, growth and reproduction \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 2-3 (Chapters 3-4)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{How Solar Radiation Reaches Earth}} & solar radiation will enter either via long or short wave radiation from the sun. It can be UV, infrared or visible light. Input of 51 shot and 96 long and then output of 30 evaporated/thermals and 117 radiated from earths surface. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Seasonal and Latitudinal Variation in Solar Radiation}} & the steeper angle means sunlight spreads over larger area, sunlight travels through deeper air layer.  rotation causes day and light whereas inclination causes seasons and day length. seasonal variation is solar energy is greatest at high latitudes, solar radiation down with up latitude \tn 
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{\bf{Ocean Currents}} & arise from wind belts which succeed each other latitudinally, easterlies = NH-NE and SH-SE, westerlies = NH-SW and SH-NW, polar easterlies = winds move masses of H2O which get deflected by coriolis, \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 2-3 (Chapters 3-4) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{El Nino}} & monsoons are reduced (water warmer = less pressure difference) \tn 
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{\bf{Ocean Gyres}} & wind driven ocean currents are deflected by coriolis in gyres, clockwise in NH(R), counterclockwise in RH(L) \tn 
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{\bf{Adiabatic Lapse Rate}} & rate of temperature changes with elevation (depends on humidity) dry air cools quickly \tn 
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{\bf{Adiabatic Cooling}} & heat loss due to air expanding (with altitude) \tn 
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{\bf{As Altitude Goes Down}} & pressure and density decrease \tn 
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{\bf{Air Masses}} & they are not static: temperature causes air to rise and sink \tn 
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{\bf{Coriolis Effect}} & earths rotation causes water and air to deflect, law of angular motion \tn 
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{\bf{Intertropical Convergence}} & heat from sun causes air to rise (low pressure) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 2-3 (Chapters 3-4) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Air and Water in Northern Hemisphere}} & counterclockwise \tn 
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{\bf{Air and Water in Southern Hemisphere}} & clockwise \tn 
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{\bf{Atmospheric Moisture}} & sun warms air at equator, warm moist air rises - air fills low pressure, rising air condenses at troposphere - rain forests, air hits top of troposphere and moves north and south, cold and dry air sinks at 30º - warm as it sinks (no condensation - no rain - desserts) \tn 
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{\bf{Monsoons}} & land warms in summer , air rises and cools, relatively cols moist air from the sea rushes in rises, condense and rains, warm and wind \tn 
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{\bf{Vapour Pressure}} & as water cools it must condense to maintain vapour pressure (aka fogs/clouds) \tn 
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{\bf{El Nino Conditions}} & 1. trade wins carry water and air to Australia 2. high pressure off peru, low pressure off Australia 3. upwelling off peru 4. Australia wet - peru dry \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 6-7 (Chapter 9-11)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Genet}} & individual produced by sexual reproduction \tn 
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{\bf{Ramet}} & produced by sexual reproduction \tn 
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{\bf{Distribution}} & random, clumped and uniform, abundance estimates may be skewed by spatial distribution \tn 
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{\bf{Geographic range}} & range of expansion is the result for populations introduced to a region where they did not previously exist \tn 
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{\bf{Density}} & how many per unit area \tn 
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{\bf{Dispersion}} & often tells you something about the ecology of the species \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Sampling}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Age Structure}} & proportin of individuals in different age classes \tn 
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{\bf{Dispersal}} & movement of individuals away from place of birth (usually to vacant habitats) \tn 
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{\bf{Migration}} & two way seasonal movement usually predictable \tn 
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{\bf{X}} & age class \tn 
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{\bf{Nx}} & number of individuals in that age class \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 6-7 (Chapter 9-11) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Lx}} & proportion of original cohort surviving to that age \tn 
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{\bf{Dx}} & number that died (sometimes a portion) \tn 
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{\bf{Qx}} & dx/nx, age specific mortality rate \tn 
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{\bf{Bx}} & mean number born in each age class \tn 
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{\bf{Type 1}} & survival high throughout life, heavy mortality at end (K) \tn 
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{\bf{Type 2}} & survival doesn't vary with age \tn 
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{\bf{Type 3}} & mortality high in early life (R) \tn 
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{\bf{LxBx}} & chance of a female of that age giving birth to female offspring \tn 
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{\bf{Net Reproductive Rate}} & the sum of the average number of female offspring produced by an average female in her life (Elxbx) \tn 
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{\bf{Gross Reproductive Rate}} & sum of all offspring, the average number of offspring a female will produce in her life \tn 
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{\bf{Exponential Population Growth}} & Nt=No*e\textasciicircum{}rt \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 6-7 (Chapter 9-11) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
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{\emph{r}} & instantaneous per capita growth rate. how many offspring an inidividual produces per unit of time (intrinsic) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 24
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{\emph{Ro}} & net reproduction rate - average number of females a female produces over her life time. a multiplier based on generation time. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 25
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{\emph{lambda}} & finite multiplication rate - used for non overlapping generations - not based on generation time - you can set the intervals \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 26
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{\bf{K}} & carrying capacity, maximum \# of individuals environment can sustain, population size where dN/dt = 0, n small = exponential growth, n = k = no growth, n\textgreater{}k = population decreases \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 27
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Density Dependant Growth}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}