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% Document Info
\author{jh89614}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genetics-and-molecular-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jh89614)
  /Subject (Genetics and Molecular Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Genetics and Molecular Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jh89614} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/34484/cs/10995/}}}
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\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jh89614 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jh89614} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th February, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of DNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-DNA is a double helix} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-DNA consists of 2 strands that run antiparallel} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-one strand run 5' to 3' the other strand runs 3' to 5'} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-DNA is a polymer consisting of repeating units of nucleotides} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Nucleotides consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-4 nitrogen bases: adenine + thymine / cytosine + guanine} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-nitrogenous bases are paired together by hydrogen bonds} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-a chromatin is when DNA combines with histones (proteins)} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-a nucleosomes is when double helix of DNA wraps around a core of histones} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel's Laws}}  \tn
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{\bf{Law of Segregation}} & {\bf{Law of Independent Assortment}} \tn 
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-law of segregation states that the 2 alleles of heritable character separate and segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes & -law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregates independently into gametes \tn 
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-this law accounts for the 3:1 ratio that Mendel noticed in the F2 generation & -Mendel identified this law by following 2 characteristics at the same time (dihybrid cross) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.28 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.66 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scientists}}  \tn
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{\bf{scientists}} & {\bf{experiment}} & {\bf{conclusion}} \tn 
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Frederick Griffith & he injected mice with different strands of pneumococcus & somehow the R strand transformed into S strain by the transforming principle \tn 
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Oswald Avery & He exposed the R strand of pneumococcus to streptococcus to purify the S strain protein &  \tn 
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Alfred Hershey \& Martha Chase & They used radioactive sulfur and phosphorus to determine if protein or DNA was the transforming principle using \seqsplit{bacteriophages} & the phage coat packages and delivers phage DNA into bacteria and that DNA carries the instructions needed to replicate the phages in the bacteria. DNA is the genetic material \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 13)
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Erwin Chargaff & worked with nitrogenous bases to determine structure of DNA & he concluded his two rules: purines go with pyrimidines and all species have different amount of nitrogenous bases \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.28 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.66 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scientists (cont)}}  \tn
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James Watson \& Francis Crick & studied Franklin's X rays of the structure of DNA & DNA is a double helix \tn 
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Rosalind Franklin \& Maurice Watkins & used X-ray \seqsplit{crystallography} to complete experiment & the X ray proved DNA to be a helix \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jh89614_1488236915_DNA replication.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocab}}  \tn
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{\bf{alleles}} & any of the alternative versions of a gene \tn 
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{\bf{character}} & an observable heritable feature \tn 
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{\bf{dominant allele}} & an allele that is fully expressed in phenotype of a heterozygote \tn 
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{\bf{F1 generation}} & the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of a genetic cross (children) \tn 
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{\bf{genotype}} & genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism \tn 
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{\bf{heterozygous}} & having two different alleles for a given gene \tn 
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{\bf{homozygous}} & having two identical alleles for a given gene \tn 
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{\bf{linked genes}} & genes located close enough together, on a chromsome that they tend to be inherited together \tn 
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{\bf{P generation}} & the original organism that you started studying (parents) \tn 
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{\bf{phenotype}} & the physical characteristics of an organisms, which are determined by genotype \tn 
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{\bf{trait}} & a detectable variant in a genetic character \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel's experiment}}  \tn
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{\bf{Facts}} & {\bf{Advantages of Garden Pea}} \tn 
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-mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas & -available in many varieties \tn 
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-experiment started with varities that were true-breeding & -distinct heritable traits \tn 
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-F2 plants revealed 2nd law of segregation and the law of independent assortment & -pea plants can be controlled by cutting off stamen \tn 
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 & -each pea plants have male \& female organs \tn 
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 & -Mendel could cross-fertilize to produce many progeny \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Mendalion Genetics}}  \tn
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{\bf{Incomplete Dominance}} & when two alleles of the same gene blend together EX: pink flower \tn 
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{\bf{Epistasis}} & when one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed \tn 
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{\bf{Sex-linked Genes}} & genes found only on the sex chromsomes; mainly found on X chromosome because X is larger \tn 
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{\bf{Co-dominance}} & when two genes work together and both show through EX: speckled chicken \tn 
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{\bf{Polygenic Trait}} & many genes control one trait \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication in Eukaryotes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{There are 4 main steps in replication: initiation, elongation, termination, and proof-reading} \tn 
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1) \seqsplit{replication} begins at origin of \seqsplit{replication}, where 2 strands of DNA seperate to form \seqsplit{replication} bubbles & 2) bubble expands as \seqsplit{replication} proceeds in both \seqsplit{directions} at once & 3) at each end of the \seqsplit{replication} bubble is a \seqsplit{replication} fork. \seqsplit{Eventually}, \seqsplit{replication} bubbles fuse & 4) the enzyme DNA \seqsplit{polymerase} catalyzes the \seqsplit{antiparallel} \seqsplit{elongation} of the new DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 11)
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5) DNA \seqsplit{polymerase} builds a new strand (going 5' to 3') by moving along the template strand and pushing the \seqsplit{replication} fork ahead of it. & 6) DNA \seqsplit{polymerase} cannot initiate synthesis, it can only add \seqsplit{nucleotides} to the 3' end of the \seqsplit{preexisting} chain. This \seqsplit{preexisting} chain consists of RNA and is called RNA primer. A Primer ( which is a enzyme) makes the primer by joining together RNA \seqsplit{nucleotides} & 7) DNA \seqsplit{polymerase} \seqsplit{replicates} the 2 original strands of DNA \seqsplit{differently}. although it builds both new strands in the 5' to 3' direction & 8) The leading strand forms toward the \seqsplit{replication} fork in a linear fashion \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 26)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication in Eukaryotes (cont)}}  \tn
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9) the lagging strand forms in the direction away from the \seqsplit{replication} fork in a series of fragments called Okazaki fragments & 10) helicases (which are enzymes) untwist the double helix at the \seqsplit{replication} fork. Helicases seperate the 2 parental strands, making the strands available & 11) The  \seqsplit{single-stranded} biding proteins hold the 2 DNA strands apart & 12) \seqsplit{Topoisomerases} lessen the tension on the tightly wound helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining the DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
13) DNA \seqsplit{polymerase} proof reads the work of matching the right \seqsplit{nucleotides} together (adenine + \seqsplit{thymine//guanine+} cytosine) & 14) damaged regions of DNA are excised by DNA nuclease & 15) each time DNA \seqsplit{replicates} some \seqsplit{nucleotides} from the end of the \seqsplit{chromosomes} are lost. To prevent the lost of genes, \seqsplit{eukaryotes} have specific \seqsplit{nucleotide} sequences (TTAGGG) at the end of \seqsplit{chromsomes} that repeat & 16) these \seqsplit{protective} ends are called \seqsplit{telomeres.} telomeres are created and \seqsplit{maintained} by the enzyme \seqsplit{telomerase} \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 21)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication in Eukaryotes (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{17) Body cells conatin little telomerase, so every time DNA replicates, the telomeres get shorter} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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