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\author{Jess02}
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  /Title (ast1631-introduction-to-astronomy.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Jess02)
  /Subject (AST1631 - Introduction to Astronomy Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AST1631 - Introduction to Astronomy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Jess02} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/208642/cs/44744/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Jess02 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jess02} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.04 cm} x{6.96 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Century of Astronomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{1920's} & Edwin Hubble determines that Andromeda Nedula is a galaxy. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cecilia Payne-Gaposhkin determines that hydrogen is the most common element in the universe. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Hubble discovers expanding universe. \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{1930's} & Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto (planet). \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Karl Jansky detects first radio waves from space. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Walter Baade \& Fritz Zwicky describe neutron stars that would form in a supernova collapse. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Hans Bethe describes nuclear fusion that powers stars. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{1940's} & Palomar 200 inch telescope built. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{1950's} & Sputnik 1 launched - 1st man made object in space. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Luna 2 \& 3 explore the moon (crash into and photographing the dark side). \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{1960's} & 1st Human to orbit Earth. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mariner 2 became first man made object to visit another planet (Venus). \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Maarten Schmidt discovers quasars (active galaxies) and therefor the most distance objects know at that time. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.04 cm} x{6.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Century of Astronomy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Arno Penzias \& Robert Wilson discovers the Cosmic Microwave Backround. \tn 
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% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Luna 9 made the 1st soft landing on the moon. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Jocelyn Bell discovers the 1st pulsar. \tn 
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% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & First manned flight to the moon (Apollo 8). \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & First manned landing on the moon (Apollo 11). \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Charles Thomas Bolton identified Cygnus X-1 as a black hole \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{1970's} & Uhuru is the 1st satellite launched. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 1st Space station launched. \tn 
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% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Verena 9 sends back 1st images from the surface of Venus. \tn 
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% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Viking landers arrive at Mars to search for life. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Voyager 1 \& 2 launched to explore outer solar system. \tn 
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% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rings of Uranus discovered. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Vera Rubin confirmed the existence of dark matter. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{1980's} & IRAS launched and become 1st satellite to work in infrared. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Voyager 2 visits Uranus. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Voyager 2 visits Neptune. \tn 
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% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{1990's} & Magellan spacecraft maps the surface of Venus with radar. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.04 cm} x{6.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Century of Astronomy (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Hubble Space Telescope launched. \tn 
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% Row 32
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 & Cosmic Background Explorer detects ripples in the background radiation. \tn 
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% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & !st confirmed detection of an exoplanet. \tn 
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% Row 34
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 & Construction of ISS (International Space Station) begins. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Discovery of dark energy. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{2000's} & Mike Brown discovers Eris in the outer solar system. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The International Astronomical Union formally defined a planet and dwarf planet. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{2010's} & Suvi Gezari discovers 1st visual proof of a black hole. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & First Extrasolar asteroid discovered. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & New Horizons explores Pluto \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 1st detection of gravitational waves. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Source of gravitational waves (neutron star collision) identified. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Celestial Sphere}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Zenith & The point straight overhead of an observer. \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Horizon & The circle where the celestial sphere meets the Earth. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Celestial pole & The projection of the Earth's poles to the celestial sphere. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Celestial equator & The projection of the Earth's equator to the celestial sphere. \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ecliptic & The apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Vernal equinox & The intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial equator, where the Sun is moving northward. \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Circumpolar stars & Stars close to the pole that never sets (e.g. Polaris). \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Retrograde Motion & Only planets, the loop back wards when following the path of a planet. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coordinate Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Locations on Earth & Latitude (north/ south) and Longitude (east/ west). \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Location in the Sky & Declination (north/ south of celestial equator) and Right Ascension (east of vernal equinox in hours). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ancient Astronomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Eudoxus (Geocentric) & An early mode of the universe. \tn 
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Aristotle (Geocentric) & The Earth is round, circular orbits and uniform speed. \tn 
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Eratoshenes & Measure circumference of Earth using shadows. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
Aristarchus (Heliocentric) & Suggested that Sun is the center of the universe. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hipparchus & Magnitudes (apparent brightness - 1 being the brightest and 6 the faintest) of stars and discovered precession (how the Earth spins and how the axis' direction changes). \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ptolemy (Geocentric) & A mathematical model putting everything together called The Almagest. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Origin of Modern Astronomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The Copernican Revolution - 1st suggested by Aristarchus.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 to 1543) suggested that Earth is a planet and completed heliocentric model.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Heliocentric model: sun at the center with Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun. It predicted parallax of stars (not detected until 1838) and simply explained retrograde motion.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Retrograde motion: apparent backwards motion of planets explained by epicycles in the geocentric model and relative motion in the heliocentric model. Continued use of circular orbits caused the need of epicycles in a heliocentric model as well to explain motion.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Galileo Galilee (1564 to 1642) 1st scientist to perform experiments and 1st to use telescope to observe the space and make predictions.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Observations and Predictions: Sun rotation, Sun and moon spots, Venus orbits the Sun (shown by the phases of Venus), Jupiter has 4 satellites and the Milky Way.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Time and The Calendar}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Day & Rotation of Earth. \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Week & Seven objects that move among the stars (Sun, moon and 5 known planets). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Month (29.5 days) & Phases of the moon. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
Year (365.24 days) & Revolution of Earth around the Sun. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stonehenge & Alignments with rising/ setting of sun/ moon. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Mayans & Complex calendar based on Venus. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Chinese & 12-year cycle of Jupiter leads to 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Julian & Differs actual year by 11 min. Added up to 10 days over a thousand years. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gregorian & Dropped 10 days to fix from Julian calendar and added extra rules for leap years. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Leap year & Add and extra day every 4 years, except century years (ending in 00) had to be divisible by 400 to be a leap year. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phases of the Moon and Tides}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Waxing lunar phase (overhead before midnight) & More illuminated (right side) each day, moving towards a full moon. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Waning lunar phase (overhead after midnight) & Less illuminated (left side) each day, moving towards a new moon. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Synodic month & Cycle of lunar phases (29.5 days). \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Sidereal month & Revolution of moon around the Earth (27.3 days). \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
New moon & Always in same direction as the Sun, rises and sets with the sun. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Crescent & Always close to the Sun in the sky, visible right before (after) sunrise (sunset).. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Quarter & Halfway around the sky from the Sun. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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Gibbous & More than halfway around the sky from the Sun \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Full & Opposite side from the Sun, rises and sets opposite the Sun \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phases of the Moon and Tides (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
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Tides & Caused by the Moon and Sun (differential gravitation force), a stronger force is acting on the side closest. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 10
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Spring Tides (New \& full) & When the Sun and Moon are lined up and their forces are working constructively to cause higher/ bigger tides. \tn 
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% Row 11
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Neap Tides (Quarters) & The forces caused by the Sun and Moon are working perpendicular destructively)  to each other. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Synchronous Rotation: The rotation and revolution of the moon are the exact same, causing the same side to always face Earth.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eclipses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Solar eclipse & Moon pasees in front of the Sun with the same apparent size. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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Lunar eclipse & Moon passes into the Earth's shadow (new moon). \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Umbra & Darkest part, where the sunlight is completely blocked out. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Penumbra & Region of partial shadow, where the sunlight is partially blocked. \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Total solar eclipse & The entire face of the sun is blocked out. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
Partial solar eclipse & Part of the Sun's face is blocked. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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Annular solar eclipse & A ring of sunlight is visible around the moon, when the moon is at a further point from Earth. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
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Total lunar eclipse & Entire moon in the umbra. \tn 
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Partial lunar eclipse & Part of the moon in the umbra. \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Penumbral lunar eclipse & Moon passes through the penumbra only. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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Eclipse season & When the moon is near a node. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Saros Cycle & The time between very similar eclipses (18 years 11 days and 8 hours). . \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation & Created by moving photons (charged particle). \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Wave nature & Wavelength, frequency, interference, reflection, refraction, diffraction and doppler effect. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Speed of light & 300 000 km/s \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Particle nature & Photoelectric effect and gravitational deflection. \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Temperature & Mausre of average kinetic energy of particles. \tn 
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% Row 5
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Absolute Zero & If there was absolutely no energy or movement. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Kelvin & Based on absolute zero = 0K = -273 degrees. Outer space is 3K. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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Blackbody radiation & An ideal radiator that absorbs all radiation and only reflects light based on temperature. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stefan-Boltzmann Law & Higher temperature means higher intensity. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Wien's Law & Higher temperature means shorter peak wavelength. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}