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% Document Info
\author{Jerstellar}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genbio-q1-module.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Jerstellar)
  /Subject (GenBio q1 module Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{GenBio q1 module Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Jerstellar} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/204102/cs/43565/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Jerstellar \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jerstellar} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th July, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 1 - Characteristics of Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Characteristic & Example \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Growth and Development & cell growth and cell division \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maintain Homeostasis & maintain appropriate concentrations of different chemicals, pH level, optimum temperature \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Reproduction & succeeding generations thruough sexual or asexual processes \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response to Environment or Stimuli & adaptation to environment \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Energy Processing & photosynthetic process \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Organized & highly organized and coordinated cell structures \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Specialization} & {\bf{adaptation}} of an organ or part to serve a special function \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Meristhematic Tissue & includes undifferentiated cells that are capable of {\bf{specialization}}; most action takes place here \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cytokinesis & physical separation of the two daughter cells; where cell division ends \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Hibernation & state of minimal activity and metabolic depression \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Torpor & {\bf{involuntary}} and lasts for just a few hours during the daytime; not as heavy as hibernation \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Piloerection & or {\bf{goosebumps}}; modification of the heat exchange, contraction of the {\bf{musculi arrectores pilorumor (MAP)}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Autotrophs & organisms that can make their own food \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Photosynthetic} process & + Oxygenic photosynthesis - Light energy transfers electrons from {\bf{water to carbon dioxide}} in order to produce carbohydrates; seen in algae, cynobacteria, plants \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & + Anoxygenic photosynthesis - light energy is captured and converted to ATP, {\bf{without the production of oxygen}}; doesn't have water as electron donor \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Epithelial tissues & line the cavities and surfaces of the body such as the inside of the stomach and the outermost skin layer \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Connective tissue & supports, protects and binds certain parts of the body such as muscles, together \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Muscular tissues & produce movement by contraction and expansion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nervous tissue & receive stimuli and conduct electrical impulses \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Dermal tissue & forms outer covering of plants \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vascular tissue & moves water and nutrients through the plant \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Ground tissue & makes up most of plants' bodies and performs majority of bodily functions \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vegetative organs & help sustain plant life; roots and leaves \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Reproductive organs & facilitate either sexual or asexual reproduction; cones, flowers and fruits \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
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Shoot system & parts above the ground; leaves, and stems \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 19
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Root system & parts below the ground; roots and tubers \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diurnality & behavior characterized by activity during daytime, highly variable temperature \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Crepuscularity} & active primarily during the twilight period, coldest temperature is at dawn \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nocturnality & behavior in animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day, constant temperature \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Human body has 11 systems, while plants only have 2 (shoot and root)}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Life Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Movement & transfer places with the use of specialized structures like flagella, cilia and pseudopodia \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Respiration} & exhibits a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Sensitivity} & act on sensing a stimulus and at the same time responding to it \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Growth & increase the size of each individual cell or increase of the number of cells \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Reproduction} & formation of new cells by the process of cell division to replace or repair old cells \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Excretion} & get rid of by-products due to metabolic processes which maybe toxic \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Nutrition} & break down food, into simple molecules that can be absorbed and be utilized \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 2 - Cell Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Development of Microscope} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Zachrias Janssen & Dutch spectacle-maker who discovered the first compound microscope which was later disputed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Galileo Galilei & able to make his own microscope because of his knowledge about glass and focal  lengths \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Antony van Leeuwenhoek & "Father of Microbiology", able to discover bacteria and protozoa; called bacteria "animacules" \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Robert Hooke & coined the term "cell"; published "Micrographia" in 1665 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Formation of Postulates} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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Matthias Schleiden & German botanist, noticed that plants are made up of cells \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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Robert Schwann & concluded that animals are made up of cells; coined "Schwann cells", which myelinates the axons of the peripheral nervous system \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rudolf Virchow & "Father of Modern Pathology", published "Virchow's archives" and the aphorism "every cell stems from another cell" \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Postulates of Cell Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. All known living things are made up of cells. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. The cell is a structural and functional unit of all living things. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Additional: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1. All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
during division. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
3. All energy flow of life occurs within cells.% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 3 - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{All known life are classified into 3 domains: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya. The organisms in {\bf{Archea and Bacteria are prokaryotes}} while the organisms in {\bf{Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Prokaryotic cells - simpler and lack the membrane-bound organelles and nucleus; more primitive than eukaryotes, single-celled. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Eukaryotic cells - single or multicelllar \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Major Difference in Cell Structure \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Eukaryotes store their DNA as chromosomes within the nucleus but prokaryotes lack the nucleus. Instead, the majority of their DNA is in the {\bf{nucleoid}}. Additional DNA pieces, called {\bf{plasmids}}, are shaped like rings and reside outside the nucleoid in the cytoplasm. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 6)
Differences in Organization \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Eukaryotic cells use a specific cell division process called {\bf{mitosis}}, while prokaryotic cells use {\bf{binary fission}}. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
-Prokaryotes create an exact copy of themselves; though genetic variance occur through {\bf{transduction}}, which is when virus transmit plasmid containing DNA to bacterial cells (host). \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
-Eukaryotes sexually reproduce through {\bf{meiosis}}, which maximizes genetic diversity and minimizes mutation.% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Differences}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1720555486_Screenshot 2024-07-10 040518.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1720612458_Screenshot 2024-07-10 195504.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Both have DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and cytoplasm}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proteins & comprise hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids (20 types) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Carbohydrates} & provide energy, structural support and cellular communication; plant and fungal cell walls have carbohydrate cell walls \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lipids & made up of fatty acids that can either be saturated or unsaturated \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nucleic Acids & DNA and RNA \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Archea & single-celled microorganisms living in environments low in oxygen (extremophiles) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Flagellum & specialized part used for movement \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cytoplasm & jelly-like fluid within in a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and proteins \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Ribosome & organelle used to synthesize proteins \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bacteria & organelle used to synthesize proteins \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Operon & a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 4 - Membrane-bound Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleus & consists of nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus; largest and contains genome \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Endoplasmic Reticulum & {\bf{major site of synthesis}}, flattened sac network (cisternae). Its function is closely linked to that of the golgi apparatus and together they form the cell's secretory route \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & takes proteins from the cytosol and continues its production in the golgi apparatus until completion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum & lipid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Golgi Apparatus & packages macromolecules into vesicles; modifies proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Mitochondria & site of ATP synthesis; helps maintain the intracellular environment, has inner and outer membrane with an intermembrane space in between \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 4 - Membrane-bound Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
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Lysosomes & acidic; contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze hydrolysis reactions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Perixosomes & contain the enzyme catalase which decomposes hydrogen peroxide \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vacuoles & acts as a storage for nutrients as well as waste materials to protect the cell from toxicity; helps in maintaining an {\bf{acidic internal pH}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Vesicles & facilitate the storage and transport of materials in and outside the cell \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Chloroplast & produces amino acids and lipids required for the production of chloroplast membrane; has two distinct regions- grana and stroma \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Cell \seqsplit{compartmentalization} & process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope (separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Gene expression & involves first transcription, which is the mechanism by which {\bf{DNA is transcribed to mRNA}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pre-mRNA & undergoes a process known as post-transcriptional modification where molecules are added or removed \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Cytochrome p450 & enzyme in SER; essential to some drugs and toxins, such as alcohol and barbiturates, in the metabolism \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exocytosis & form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Protein processing & carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins are altered by addition, removal or modification of carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lipid processing & adds phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from ER (like cholesterol) to create the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
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Mannose 6-phosphate receptor & lysosomal protein; binds newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Secretory proteins & hormones; requires ATP, as it is necessary to fuse two negatively charged membranes to allow its release \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell-surface proteins & phospholipids; primary route of communication among the cells and the external environment \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Porins & protein in the outer membrane of nucleus; enable ion movement to and from mitochondrion \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phagocytosis & important in killing mechanisms which are independent of oxygen \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Tonoplast & membrane which bounds the vacuole of a plant cell \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lamellar phase & similar to plasma membrane; outer layer enclosing the liquid in vesicle \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Grana & made up of thylakoids; sight for the process of light-dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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Stroma & contains grana and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all the organelles are embedded \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Stroma Lamellae & flat membranous tubules; connects the thylakoids of the different grana \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 5 - Non-Membrane-bound Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}