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% Document Info
\author{Jerstellar}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genbio-q1-module.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Jerstellar)
  /Subject (GenBio q1 module Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{GenBio q1 module Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Jerstellar} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/204102/cs/43565/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Jerstellar \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jerstellar} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th July, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 1 - Characteristics of Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Characteristic & Example \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Growth and Development & cell growth and cell division \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maintain Homeostasis & maintain appropriate concentrations of different chemicals, pH level, optimum temperature \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Reproduction & succeeding generations thruough sexual or asexual processes \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response to Environment or Stimuli & adaptation to environment \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Energy Processing & photosynthetic process \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Organized & highly organized and coordinated cell structures \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.84 cm} x{6.16 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Life Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Movement & transfer places with the use of specialized structures like flagella, cilia and pseudopodia \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Respiration} & exhibits a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Sensitivity} & act on sensing a stimulus and at the same time responding to it \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Growth & increase the size of each individual cell or increase of the number of cells \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Reproduction} & formation of new cells by the process of cell division to replace or repair old cells \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Excretion} & get rid of by-products due to metabolic processes which maybe toxic \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Nutrition} & break down food, into simple molecules that can be absorbed and be utilized \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Specialization} & {\bf{adaptation}} of an organ or part to serve a special function \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Meristhematic Tissue & includes undifferentiated cells that are capable of {\bf{specialization}}; most action takes place here \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cytokinesis & physical separation of the two daughter cells; where cell division ends \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Hibernation & state of minimal activity and metabolic depression \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Torpor & {\bf{involuntary}} and lasts for just a few hours during the daytime; not as heavy as hibernation \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Piloerection & or {\bf{goosebumps}}; modification of the heat exchange, contraction of the {\bf{musculi arrectores pilorumor (MAP)}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Autotrophs & organisms that can make their own food \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Photosynthetic} process & + Oxygenic photosynthesis - Light energy transfers electrons from {\bf{water to carbon dioxide}} in order to produce carbohydrates; seen in algae, cynobacteria, plants \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
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 & + Anoxygenic photosynthesis - light energy is captured and converted to ATP, {\bf{without the production of oxygen}}; doesn't have water as electron donor \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Epithelial tissues & line the cavities and surfaces of the body such as the inside of the stomach and the outermost skin layer \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Connective tissue & supports, protects and binds certain parts of the body such as muscles, together \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Muscular tissues & produce movement by contraction and expansion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nervous tissue & receive stimuli and conduct electrical impulses \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Dermal tissue & forms outer covering of plants \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vascular tissue & moves water and nutrients through the plant \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Ground tissue & makes up most of plants' bodies and performs majority of bodily functions \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vegetative organs & help sustain plant life; roots and leaves \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Reproductive organs & facilitate either sexual or asexual reproduction; cones, flowers and fruits \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
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Shoot system & parts above the ground; leaves, and stems \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 19
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Root system & parts below the ground; roots and tubers \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 20
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Diurnality & behavior characterized by activity during daytime, highly variable temperature \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Crepuscularity} & active primarily during the twilight period, coldest temperature is at dawn \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nocturnality & behavior in animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day, constant temperature \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 23
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Human body has 11 systems, while plants only have 2 (shoot and root)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 2 - Cell Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Development of Microscope} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Zachrias Janssen & Dutch spectacle-maker who discovered the first compound microscope which was later disputed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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Galileo Galilei & able to make his own microscope because of his knowledge about glass and focal  lengths \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek & "Father of Microbiology", able to discover bacteria and protozoa; called bacteria "animacules" \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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Robert Hooke & coined the term "cell"; published "Micrographia" in 1665 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Formation of Postulates} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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Matthias Schleiden & German botanist, noticed that plants are made up of cells \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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Robert Schwann & concluded that animals are made up of cells; coined "Schwann cells", which myelinates the axons of the peripheral nervous system \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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Rudolf Virchow & "Father of Modern Pathology", published "Virchow's archives" and the aphorism "every cell stems from another cell" \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Postulates of Cell Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. All known living things are made up of cells. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. The cell is a structural and functional unit of all living things. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Additional: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1. All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
during division. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
3. All energy flow of life occurs within cells.% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 3 - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{All known life are classified into 3 domains: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya. The organisms in {\bf{Archea and Bacteria are prokaryotes}} while the organisms in {\bf{Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Prokaryotic cells - simpler and lack the membrane-bound organelles and nucleus; more primitive than eukaryotes, single-celled. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Eukaryotic cells - single or multicelllar \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Major Difference in Cell Structure \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Eukaryotes store their DNA as chromosomes within the nucleus but prokaryotes lack the nucleus. Instead, the majority of their DNA is in the {\bf{nucleoid}}. Additional DNA pieces, called {\bf{plasmids}}, are shaped like rings and reside outside the nucleoid in the cytoplasm. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 6)
Differences in Organization \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Eukaryotic cells use a specific cell division process called {\bf{mitosis}}, while prokaryotic cells use {\bf{binary fission}}. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
-Prokaryotes create an exact copy of themselves; though genetic variance occur through {\bf{transduction}}, which is when virus transmit plasmid containing DNA to bacterial cells (host). \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
-Eukaryotes sexually reproduce through {\bf{meiosis}}, which maximizes genetic diversity and minimizes mutation.% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Both have DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and cytoplasm}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Differences}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1720555486_Screenshot 2024-07-10 040518.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 4 - Membrane-bound Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleus & consists of nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus; largest and contains genome \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Endoplasmic Reticulum & {\bf{major site of synthesis}}, flattened sac network (cisternae). Its function is closely linked to that of the golgi apparatus and together they form the cell's secretory route \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & takes proteins from the cytosol and continues its production in the golgi apparatus until completion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum & lipid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Golgi Apparatus & packages macromolecules into vesicles; modifies proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Mitochondria & site of ATP synthesis; helps maintain the intracellular environment, has inner and outer membrane with an intermembrane space in between \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 4 - Membrane-bound Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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Lysosomes & acidic; contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze hydrolysis reactions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Perixosomes & contain the enzyme catalase which decomposes hydrogen peroxide \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vacuoles & acts as a storage for nutrients as well as waste materials to protect the cell from toxicity; helps in maintaining an {\bf{acidic internal pH}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Vesicles & facilitate the storage and transport of materials in and outside the cell \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Chloroplast & produces amino acids and lipids required for the production of chloroplast membrane; has two distinct regions- grana and stroma \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Cell \seqsplit{compartmentalization} & process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope (separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Gene expression & involves first transcription, which is the mechanism by which {\bf{DNA is transcribed to mRNA}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pre-mRNA & undergoes a process known as post-transcriptional modification where molecules are added or removed \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Cytochrome p450 & enzyme in SER; essential to some drugs and toxins, such as alcohol and barbiturates, in the metabolism \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exocytosis & form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Protein processing & carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins are altered by addition, removal or modification of carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lipid processing & adds phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from ER (like cholesterol) to create the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
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Mannose 6-phosphate receptor & lysosomal protein; binds newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Secretory proteins & hormones; requires ATP, as it is necessary to fuse two negatively charged membranes to allow its release \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell-surface proteins & phospholipids; primary route of communication among the cells and the external environment \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Porins & protein in the outer membrane of nucleus; enable ion movement to and from mitochondrion \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phagocytosis & important in killing mechanisms which are independent of oxygen \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Tonoplast & membrane which bounds the vacuole of a plant cell \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lamellar phase & similar to plasma membrane; outer layer enclosing the liquid in vesicle \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Grana & made up of thylakoids; sight for the process of light-dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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Stroma & contains grana and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all the organelles are embedded \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Stroma Lamellae & flat membranous tubules; connects the thylakoids of the different grana \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 5 - Non-Membrane-bound Organelles}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ribosomes}} - produces protein; attached to rough ER within the cytoplasm. consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal protein {\emph{(Humans and other eukaryotes have 3 rRNA strands, while bacteria have 4 rRNA strands)}}. Prokaryotes consist of 60\% rRNA and 40\% protein \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
+ serves as a line of assembly and starts to "read" the mRNA, identifies the corresponding tRNA and binds the amino acid to a binding spot. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
+ Svedberg units - defined in a centrifugal field as the sedimentation rate of subunits; when placed in centrifugal chamber, the time it takes for each subunit to reform. The smaller subunits are forming faster than the bigger ones. {\emph{(Eukaryotes: 40s and 60s while Prokaryotes: 30s and 50s)}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 6)
{\bf{Centrioles}} - helps cell divide or make copies of themselves; made up of protein strands called microtubules. Involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus which functions during cell division. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 5)
+ Microtubules - mitotic apparatus during mitosis or meiosis and sometimes get arranged just beneath the plasma membrane to form and bear flagella or cilia in flagellated or ciliated cells. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 4)
{\emph{A single centriole forms the anchor point or basal body for each individual cilium or flagellum. Basal bodies direct the formation of cilia and flagella as well.}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 4)
{\bf{Cytoskeleton}} - network of microscopic molecular filaments found in the cytoplasm of all nucleated eukaryotic cells. Responsible for locomotion and preserving the shape of a cell, chromosome movement during cell division and cytokinesis. \newline % Row Count 33 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 5 - Non-Membrane-bound Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Structural components of the cytoplasm that help divide chromosomes in cell division;  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
+ Mitotic spindle - array of microtubular proteins formed in late G-2 following duplication of the centrosomes. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
+ Contractile ring - overlapping array of actin/myosin proteins; responsible for cytokinesis, becomes smaller, finally dissecting the cell's cytoplasm into two separate domains.% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proteins & comprise hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids (20 types) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Carbohydrates} & provide energy, structural support and cellular communication; plant and fungal cell walls have carbohydrate cell walls \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lipids & made up of fatty acids that can either be saturated or unsaturated \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nucleic Acids & DNA and RNA \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Archea & single-celled microorganisms living in environments low in oxygen (extremophiles) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Flagellum & specialized part used for movement \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cytoplasm & jelly-like fluid within in a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and proteins \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Ribosome & organelle used to synthesize proteins \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bacteria & organelle used to synthesize proteins \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Operon & a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 6 - Cell Modifications}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Animal Tissue}}}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Epithelial Tissue}} - consists of closely packed sheets of cells covering surfaces- including the outside of the body- and cavities of the body wall {\emph{(outer layer of skin and lining of small intestine)}}. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
- Polarized, have a top and bottom face; closely packed and this helps them to serve as barriers to fluid movement and potentially harmful microbes. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- Can have distinct arrangements: {\bf{cuboidal}} for secretion; {\bf{simple columnar}} for secretion and active absorption; {\bf{simple squamous}} for exchange of material through diffusion; {\bf{stratified squamous}} for protection; and {\bf{pseudo-stratified columnar}} for lining or respiratory tract usually lined with cilia. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 7)
{\bf{Connective Tissue}} - made up of cells that are suspended in an extracellular matrix; {\bf{supports and binds}} tissues together. {\emph{Most abundant and widely used; functions as protection.}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 4)
- Protein fibers such as {\bf{collagen}} and {\bf{fibrin}} form the matrix in a solid, liquid or jellylike ground material. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
+ Loose Connective Tissue - protecting organs and blood vessels and connecting epithelial tissues to the underlying muscles. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
+ Dense or Fibrous Connective Tissue - found in tendons and ligaments which connect muscles to bones and connect bones. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
+ Adipose Tissue - specialized connective tissue like {\emph{body fat, bone, cartilage, and blood}} in which the extracellular matrix is liquid called plasma. \newline % Row Count 33 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 6 - Cell Modifications (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Muscle Tissue}} - contain {\emph{actin and myosin}} proteins which allow them to contract. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
+ Skeletal Muscle - striated (striped) and attached by tendons to the bones, which helps to regulate movements consciously. {\bf{(In the quads or biceps)}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
+ Smooth Muscle - not striated and involuntary. {\bf{(In blood vessel walls, digestive tract walls, uterus, urinary bladder, etc.)}}  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
+ Cardiac Muscle - striated; individual fibers are bound by structures called intercalated disks, allowing them to contract synchronously. {\bf{(In the walls of the heart)}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
{\bf{Nervous Tissue}} - collects and transmits information through detecting stimuli. Has 2 cell types: \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
+ Neurons or Nerve cells - nervous system's main functioning structure; generates nerve impulses which allow neurons to transmit information. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
+ Glia - promotes neuronal activity. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
{\bf{{\emph{Plant Tissue}}}} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
{\bf{Dermal Tissue}} - covers and protects the plant and monitors exchange of gases and absorption of water in roots. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
+ Stomata - specialized pores that allow exchange of gas through cuticular holes. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
+ Root hairs - or root epidermal cell extensions; increase the root surface area, contributing significantly to the absorption of water and minerals. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
{\bf{Vascular Tissue}} - transports water, minerals, and sugars into different parts of the plant. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 6 - Cell Modifications (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{+ Xylem Tissue - brings water and nutrients from the roots throughout the plant; plays a role in stem structural support. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
+ Phloem Tissue - brings organic compounds from the photosynthesis site throughout the plant. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{Ground Tissue}} - performs different functions depending on the type and position of the cells in the plant, including: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
+ Parenchyma - photosynthesis in the leaves and storage in the roots. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
+ Collenchyma - adds flexibility and support in areas of active growth or young plants. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
+ Schlerenchyma - adds rigidity and support in areas where growth has stopped or adult plants.% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Modification that Lead to Adaptation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Apical Modifications}}}} - surface or luminal; for secretion, absorption, and movement. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{+ Microvilli}} - or brush/striated border; finger-like cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface which {\bf{expands surface area that helps in absorption.}} {\emph{(Found in absorptive epithelia).}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
{\bf{+ Cilia}} - {\bf{for movement or motility.}} short hair-like structures or projections; its core is composed of microtubules, each cilium is connected to a basal body and extends from the free surface. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
{\bf{+ Flagella}} - have the same axial structure with cilia but longer; also functions for movement. {\emph{(Present in the tail of spermatozoa).}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
{\bf{{\emph{Basal Modifications}}}} - base; for structural support and barrier. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
{\bf{+ Basal Infoldings}} - support the epithelium and also functions as a {\bf{passive molecular sieve}} or ultrafilter. {\emph{(Present in mitochondria).}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
{\bf{{\emph{Lateral Modifications}}}} - sides of the tissue; provide barrier and cell-cell communication. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
{\bf{+ Tight Junctions}} - intercellular adhesion complexes in epithelia and endothelia that control paracellular permeability {\emph{(this paracellular diffusion barrier is semipermeable)}}.  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
- Form the {\bf{border between the apical and basolateral cell surface domains}} in polarized epithelia and support the maintenance of cell polarity by restricting intermixing of apical and basolateral transmembrane components. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Modification that Lead to Adaptation (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{+ Adherence Junctions}} - element of the cell-cell junction in which {\bf{cadherin receptors bridge the neighboring plasma membranes}} via their hemophilic reactions. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- The actin filaments which make up zonula adherens maintain integrity of the cell to better bind.% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 7 - Cell Membrane: Phospholipid Bilayer}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cell Membrane}} - selectively permeable; barrier that separates the cytoplasm from the cell's outer surroundings, receive and respond to stimuli. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- Made up of 4 different molecules: phospholipid, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{Phospholipids}}  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
+ Phospholipid Bilayer - two-layer of phospholipid oriented in opposite direction. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
+ Phospholipid - consists of a glycerol molecule bonded to a phosphate "head" group and two fatty-acid "tails". \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- Has two ends: {\bf{Phosphate head end}} which is hydrophilic due to its polarity, and a {\bf{tail end of two chains of fatty acids}} which is hydrophobic. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
- It is {\bf{amphiphilic or amphipatic}} since it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
- Two layers of hydrophilic head face intracellular and extracellular fluid respectively; the hydrophobic end is in the middle, allowing the semipermeable membrane to work. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 4)
- This means that nonpolar molecules like oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, and lipids can pass freely, while large polar molecules like glucose are hindered.% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 8 - Cell Membrane: Proteins and Others}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Membrane Proteins}} - can further be classified based on location and function. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Based on Location}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
+ Integral Proteins - or intrinsic proteins are embedded entirely in the lipid bilayer; extends such that each end reaches the inside and outside of the cell respectively. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
- Cannot easily be removed without the use of strong detergent . \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
+ Peripheral Proteins - less mobile; attached to either inner or outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- They are easily separable from the lipid bilayer without harming it. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
{\bf{Based on Function}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
{\bf{+ Ion Channels}} - very narrow tube-shaped protein that help establish a tiny pore in the cell membrane (open and close for Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{},K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}, Cl\textasciicircum{}–\textasciicircum{}, Ca\textasciicircum{}+2\textasciicircum{}.). \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 4)
{\bf{+ Transporter or Carrier Proteins}} - help transport too large molecules such as glucose and amino acids to go through ion channels. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
- Enzymes are chemicals that catalyze and causes chemical reactions to occur. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
- Receptor Site Proteins help cells communicate with their external environment through the use of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. {\emph{(Cells can have up to 20).}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 4)
- Recognition Sites or Cell Identity Markers are glycoproteins (carbohydrates attached to proteins); always on the outside surface and recognize foreign cells. (White Blood Cells for ex.) \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 8 - Cell Membrane: Proteins and Others (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{+ Cholesterol}} - stable; helps the cell membrane maintain the appropriate level of fluidity by managing the space between phospholipids. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
*The cell membrane is a {\bf{fluid mosaic model}} because the structure of the membrane is flexible and fluid rather than a rigid solid barrier, and it is composed of different parts like a mosaic.% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parts of Cell Membrane}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721761793_Screenshot 2024-07-24 030624.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A - Phospholipid Bilayer \newline B - Integral Protein \newline C - Glycoprotein  \newline E - Glycolipids \newline F - Fatty Acid Tails \newline G - Phosphate Heads \newline H - Peripheral Protein \newline I - Cholesterol}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 9 -  Membrane Transport: Passive Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Passive Transport}} - does not require the cell to exert any of itsenergy to accomplish the movement. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- Involves diffusion; substances simply move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. {\emph{(Concentration is higher inside the cell).}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
{\bf{Factors Affecting Rate of Diffusion}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Concentration Gradient - Direct proportion. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Temperature - Direct proportion. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Mass of Particles - Inverse proportion. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Solvent Properties - Inverse proportion; density and viscosity of solvent. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\bf{{\emph{Types of Passive Transport}}}} - Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{Simple Diffusion}} - substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of transport proteins. {\emph{(Lipids and nonpolar molecules pass easily)}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 4)
{\bf{Facilitated Diffusion}} - materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
- With {\bf{channel proteins}}, the transmembrane proteins present in the membrane act like a pore, in which it allows the transport of molecules. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
- Molecules bind in {\bf{carrier proteins}} which result in some conformational changes in the molecules, facilitating the movement across the membrane in the intracellular space.% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 10 - Passive Transport: Osmosis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Osmosis}} - water molecules pass in a selectively permeable membrane; solution with higher concentration will attract or absorb the solvent from another solution. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{Osmotic Pressure}} - causes the water to diffuse through selectively permeable membranes; directly proportional to the solute concetration. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
{\bf{Isotonic Solution}} - The concentration of solutions inside and outside of the cell is equal, thus the water movement is balanced. {\emph{(Iso - equal, tonicity - relative concentration of solutes in the water inside and outside the cell).}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5)
{\bf{Hypertonic Solution}} - The solute concentration on the outside is higher; causing {\bf{crenation}} (water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink and shrivel) of RBC. {\emph{(Hyper - above).}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
{\bf{Hypotonic Solution}} - the solute concentration is lower outside; which causes the cell to burst.  {\emph{(Hypo - under).}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
- Plants have rigid cell wall so it is ideal for hypotonic solution, causing it to become turgid or swollen. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
{\bf{Turgor pressure}} - or hydrostatic pressure is the resulting force of water against the cell wall; {\bf{prevents the further net intake of water.}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
{\bf{Plasmolysis}} - caused by hypertonic solution on plant cell, causing it to be flaccid or limp; can be reversed through deplasmolysis. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
{\bf{Incipient Plasmolysis}} - caused by isotonic solution on plant cell; not turgid nor flaccid causing the greens of the plant to droop. {\emph{(Incipient - about to be).}}% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Difference of Concentrations on Cells}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721812908_Screenshot 2024-07-24 172128.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 11 - Active Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Active Transport}} - uses transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient—from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{{\emph{Carrier Proteins:}}}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{Uniporters}} - transport a {\bf{single}} type of molecule or ion. {\emph{(Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} ATPase \& H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ATPase)}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\bf{Symporters}} - transport {\bf{two}} molecules or ions in the {\bf{same}} direction. {\emph{(Glucose – Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ATPase).}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
{\bf{Antiporters}} - transport {\bf{two}} molecules or ions in the {\bf{opposite}} directions.{\emph{(Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} – K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ATPase \& H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} – K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ATPase).}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
{\bf{Electrical Gradient}} - Difference in the charge of molecules in the cell. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{Membrane Potential}} - difference in the electrical potential (voltage) across their cell membrane.  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
- An {\bf{electrical potential difference}} is present whenever there is a net separation of charges in space. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
{\bf{Cell membrane}} - separates negative and positive charges; the inside of the cell is more negative.% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carrier Proteins}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721853330_Porters.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 12 - Bulk Transport: Endo- \& Exocytosis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Transport Vesicle}} - small sac that can pinch off or fuse with a cell membrane; used for larger molecules to enter or leave the cell. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Bulk Transport}} - mode of transport of large quantities of materials and food particles across the membrane. {\emph{(Endocytosis and Exocytosis).}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
{\bf{Endocytosis}} - cell membrane engulfs fluids or large molecules to bring them into the cell. The plasma membrane of the cell invaginates and pinches off into the cell. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
{\bf{+ Phagocytosis}} - {\bf{"cell eating"}}; large particles, such as cells or relatively large particles, are taken in by a cell. Single-celled eukaryotes called {\bf{amoebas}} also use phagocytosis to hunt and consume their prey. {\emph{(Phagein - to eat; cyto - cell).}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 6)
{\bf{+ Pinocytosis}} - {\bf{"cell drinking"}}; takes in molecules, including water, which the cell needs from the extracellular fluid. It results in a much {\bf{smaller vesicle}} than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to merge with a lysosome. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 5)
{\bf{+ Receptor-mediated endocytosis}} - receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule (mostly in low concentration). \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
- Might bring toxins to the cell {\emph{(Flu viruses, diphtheria, and cholera)}}. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
{\bf{Coat Protein}} - receptor found on the cytoplasmic side of the pit. {\emph{(Clathrin)}}  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
{\bf{Exocytosis}} - materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. {\emph{(Secretion of proteins and neurotransmitters).}}% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bulk Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721903102_Screenshot 2024-07-25 182545.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 13 - Cell Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Interphase & longest event in the cell cycle; preparation of the cell for the successful cell division. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
+ First Gap (G\textasciitilde{}1\textasciitilde{} phase) & cell is active; grows larger, duplicates the organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks needed for the next steps. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+Synthesis Phase (S phase) & DNA replication occurs; Duplication of centrosomes, needed in the separation of chromosomes in M phase. {\emph{(Takes a lot of time).}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
+ Second Gap (G\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} phase) & cell grows continuously; making more proteins, duplicating the organelles. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Major Checkpoints} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
+ Restriction Point & ensures that the cell size is large enough to divide; checks if the nutrients and proteins reserves are enough for the daughter cells. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Second Gap & ensures that the DNA have been accurately replicated without mistake or damage. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 13 - Cell Cycle (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Metaphase & ensures that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle microtubules. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Gap 0 (G\textasciitilde{}0\textasciitilde{} phase) - resting phase where cells that would not undergo cell division rest and wait for a signal to divide or stay to preserve its physiologic function.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What Triggers Checkpoints?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
p53 (Tumor Suppressor Gene) & "the guardian of the genome"; prevents gene mutation through {\bf{growth arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis (cell death).}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Kinases & regulators; enzymes that combine phosphate groups to other molecules like sugars and proteins. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Cyclins & activating proteins that bind to a kinase to form Cdk complex. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Cyclin-Dependent} Kinases & activates or deactivates another protein through phosphorylating them. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 14 - Mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mitosis & two new daughter cells are generated having the same number of chromosome (diploid) as the parent cell (2n). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
+ Prophase & starts when chromatin is visible; mitotic spindle begins to form, and {\emph{kinetochore}} microtubules start capturing the chromosomes. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Metaphase & chromosomes assemble at the metaphase plate; centromeres are at the center, and centrosomes are now at the opposite poles of the cell. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
+ Anaphase & shortest stage; sister chromatids start to part because the kinetochore microtubules shorten. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Telophase & chromosomes become less dense; two daughter nuclei form in the cell. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Cytokinesis} & cytoplasm divides the two daughter cells; happens when cleavage furrow is visible. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Karyokinesis - division of a cell nucleus. \newline Kinetochore - proteins found in the centromere (regions of DNA where sister chromatids are connected). \newline - In a normal human; 2n = 46 (2n = diploid, 46 = chromosomes) \newline - {\bf{Plant cells skip cytokinesis}} since cell plate is produced in the middle along the perimeter to divide.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis stages}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721931661_Mitosis.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{No. of sister chromatids, centromeres, chromosomes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721935304_Screenshot 2024-07-26 021753.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Metaphase - 23 sister chromatids, 23 centromeres \newline Anaphase - 0 sister chromatids, 46 centromeres \newline Telophase - 46 chromosomes}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 15 - Significance of Mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Gastrulation} & blastula folds inward and enlarges to create a gastrula; for organ developing. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cell Repair & wounds would be healed and be repaired. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stem Cells & like clay that is ready to be molded to get a specific shape; replace dead cells. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Effects of Cell Division Error} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cancer & caused by malfunction of p53 tumor suppressor gene where damaged daughter cells continuously divide. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Neurodegeneration} & progressive damage in nerve cells from too much cell death by apoptosis (cell suicide). \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Alzheimer's & most widespread and known; neurons are able to re-enter and cell cycle re-entry can lead to apoptosis. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Huntington's} & inherited disorder characterized by neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in striatum and cerebral cortex. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Cell deaths are results of overexpression of huntingtin-interactive protein (HIP-1) that is said to be a proapoptotic protein. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 15 - Significance of Mitosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ Parkinson's & target neurons responsible for movements; misfolding of protein called alpha-synuclein in nerve cells leads to protein deposits that are toxic to neurons controlling voluntary movements. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Application of Mitosis in Other Disciplines} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Agriculture & cloning is used; {\bf{Horticulture}} for example. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Medicine & {\bf{Tissue Culture}} - fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function, \& {\bf{Stem Cells}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 14 - Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Meiosis} I & or Reduction Division; number of chromosomes of the daughter cells are half of the parents' (haploid). &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Prophase} I & includes the disappearance of nucleoli, breaking down of nuclear membrane, formation of spindle fiber, and movement of centrosomes. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Leptonema}} & visible; chromosomes have coiled and condensed. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Zygonema}} & chromosomes pair up with its homologue partner {\emph{(synapsis)}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Pachynema}} & crossing-over occurs; parts of the homologous chromosomes are recombined {\emph{(genetic  recombination)}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Diplonema}} & tetrad begins to separate and chiasma becomes evident. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 14 - Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Diakinesis}} & chromatids became more condensed and the chiasma move towards the ends of chromosomes {\emph{(terminalization)}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Metaphase} I & homologous pair at the center and facing both sides of the poles; kinetochore microtubules are attached to one of the kinetochores of the homologous pair. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 10)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{Anaphase} I & synaptonemal complex breaks down, causing the homologous chromosomes to start separating and move towards the opposite poles. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Telophase} I & sister chromatids are already at the opposite poles; chromosomes start decondensing and the nuclear envelopes form. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 14 - Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{The result of meiosis I is two daughter cells with only one set of chromosomes (haploid).}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Meiosis} II & sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{Prophase} II & spindle apparatus forms from the centrosomes; chromosomes are still composed of two chromatids associated at the centromere (dyad). &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{Metaphase} II & centromeres are at the metaphase plate; kinetochore microtubules are attached to the kinetochores of each sister chromatids. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{Anaphase} II & sister chromatids (monads) start separating from each other; individual chromosomes move towards the opposite poles. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 14 - Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{Telophase} II & chromosomes uncoil and extend; nuclear membrane starts to form together with cytokinesis where cleavage furrow happens. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Meiosis produces four (4) daughter cells that are distinct to each other and from the parent cell, n = 23.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis Stages}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721978545_eSewiZ9A15x9n9UonyCafA_b.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis vs Meiosis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721978776_Screenshot 2024-07-26 152645.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 17 - Gametogenesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gametogenesis}} - diploid (2n) cell undergoes a meiotic cell division to become haploid sex cells. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{+ Spermatogenesis}} - production of millions of spermatozoa (sperms) each day through meiosis from primordial germ cells. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
Divided into two parts: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{{\emph{Spermatocytogenesis}}}} - There are over 1 billion spermatogonia in male which form the basal layer of the germinal epithelium and categorized into two: Type A and Type B spermatogonia. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
{\bf{Type A spermatogonium}} - undergo mitosis and produces two daughter cells {\emph{(Type B spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte).}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
{\bf{Type B spermatogonium}} - from Type A and will repeat mitosis. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
{\bf{Primary Spermatocyte}} - undergoes interphase and meiosis I; produces 2 haploid daughter cells {\emph{(secondary spermatocytes)}}. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
{\bf{Secondary Spermatocyte}} - undergoes meiosis II; produces 4 haploid daughter cells {\emph{(spermatids)}}. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
{\bf{{\emph{Spermiogenesis}}}} - spermatids move to the lumen (part of the seminiferous tubule) and undergo differentiation to become sperm cells. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
{\emph{FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) releases Sertoli cells that trigger spermatogenesis; LH (Lutenizing Hormone) releases testosterone when it reaches the testes.}} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 4)
{\bf{+ Oogenesis}} - production of female gametes (ova) within ovaries (sometimes in oviduct). \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 17 - Gametogenesis (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Oogania}} - or ovarian stem cells; formed during fetal development. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- starts when primordial germ cells move to primordial gonad and undergo continuous mitosis. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Primary Oocytes}} - about 2 million cells that will undergo meiosis I; which are then arrested in prophase I until puberty. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
{\emph{FSH will trigger the continuation of division of the primary oocytes. They will then finish meiosis I with 2 unequal size daughter cells: {\bf{secondary oocyte and first polar body}} respectively. {\bf{Progesterone and Estrogen}} stimulate oogenesis}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5)
{\bf{Secondary Oocyte}} - meiosis II but get arrested at metaphase II UNLESS fertilized by sperm and will form another polar body. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
- Once meiosis II finishes, the mature egg forms an ovum, before joining its nucleus with the sperm's nucleus to form a zygote. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
- The first polar body may also undergo meiosis II to form a third polar body when produced together with the secondary oocyte.% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spermatogenesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721985706_Spermatogenesis.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oogenesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721985776_oogenesis.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721985882_Screenshot 2024-07-26 172436.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Significance of Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Meiosis & main reproduction of gametes (haploids). \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ova & produced by follicle cells in the ovaries of the female organism and in plants. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sperms & carries biological information in producing new organism when joined with egg cell. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Recombination & combining the parents' DNA that produces unique features of offspring. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{DISEASES RELATED TO MALFUNCTIONS DURING MEIOSIS} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Aneuploidy & abnormality in the number of chromosomes. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Autosomes & there is an excessive copy of chromosome (normally it is a pair (2) but in these cases, there are 3 chromosomes) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Trisomy 21 & or Down Syndrome; excess chromosome in chromosome 21. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nondisjunction & pairs of homologous chromosomes or the sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase I or anaphase II. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) & having an extra x chromosome on males, one of the signs of having this syndrome is enlarged breast, little to no sperms, no body hair, and broader hips. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Significance of Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
XYY Syndrome & also only happens to males; no distinct physical features and mostly show behavioral difference. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Trisomy X (XXX) & happens to females; widely spaced eyes, abnormally curved pinky fingers, flat feet and abnormally shaped breastbone. They also have kidney abnormalities, and ovarian abnormalities. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Monosomy X & or Turner's Syndrome; females do not mature sexually during puberty. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - web like neck, fingernails and toenails that are narrow and turned upward, slightly smaller than average height at birth and short fingers and toes. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Chromosomal Alterations} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Duplication & fragment joins the homologous chromosome, then that region is repeated. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Deletion & part of the chromosome is lost during the cell division and the result is mostly lethal. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Significance of Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cri du chat - small part of chromosome 5 is missing. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Translocation & small part of the chromosome is moved to another chromosome. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Reciprocal Translocation - there is an exchange with the parts of chromosome. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
Inversion & section of DNA breaks away from a chromosome and then reattaches to the chromosome in reversed order. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Substitution & one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chromosomal Abnormalities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jerstellar_1721989466_NHGRI_Chromosome_Abnormalities_Factsheet-thumbnail-1040x1040-70.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 9 -  Membrane Transport: Passive Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 9 -  Membrane Transport: Passive Transport}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{help% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}