\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{jennilee} \pdfinfo{ /Title (time-occasion.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (jennilee) /Subject (【時】 とき "Time; occasion" Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{57A34E} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F4F9F3} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{【時】 とき "Time; occasion" Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/44626/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\ \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 18th February, 2025.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64701 cm} x{4.32999 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noun: 時:"Time; occasion"}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{時 as a noun means "Time; occasion"} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-When used as a pseudo noun, it introduces a subordinate time clause: "The time when..."} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-Subject of the 時 and main clauses can be the same or different.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-When the subjects of the main and subordinate clause are different, the subject of the 時 clause takes が、subject of the main clause typically takes は} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 0) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Phrase + 時 "The time when..."}}} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{仕事しない時に音楽を聴いたり本を読んだりします。} It is WHEN I don't work that I listen to music, read books, etc.} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{学校行く時、バスを乗ります。(The} time) When I go to school, I ride the bus.} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 0) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{時 can nominalize verbs:}} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{ar\}\} & 1. V る + 時:"Right before I do..." \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{ar\}\} & 2. V-ている + 時:"When I am doing..." \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 2) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} & 3. V-た + 時:"Right after I do..." \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 2) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & 4. V-ない + 時:"When I don't (do)..." \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V る + 時:"Right before I do..."}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V る + 時:"Right before I do..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V る + 前に / Noun + の前に:"Right after I do..."}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}-The tense of the whole sentence depends on the tense of the main (second) clause. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-The tense of the whole sentence depends on the tense of the main (second) clause. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} ❗️❗️Note: 時 already indicates time so に particle is not needed after it. However, when you attach に、the meaning changes to emphasis. & USAGES: \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 8) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & ★To say something happened before {[}time{]} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & ★To say something happened in front of {[}space / position{]} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 0) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{私は寝る時牛乳を飲みました。} I drank milk right before I slept. & \seqsplit{日本旅行する前に日本語を勉強する。} I will study Japanese before traveling to Japan. \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 5) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{食べる時薬を飲みます。} I take my meds right before I eat. & \seqsplit{30歳になる前に世界中を旅行したい。} Before turning 30, I want to travel all around the world. \tn % Row Count 34 (+ 6) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V る + 時:"Right before I do..." (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{食べる時薬を飲みました。} I took my meds right before I ate. & \seqsplit{帰る前に、電気を消しました。} Before I went home, I switched off the lights. \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{トイレに行く時手を洗う。} I wash my hands right before I go to the washroom. & \seqsplit{テストが始まる前に、トイレに行きませんか。} Aren't you going to the washroom before the test starts? \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 6) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{トイレに行く時手を洗った。} I wash my hands right before I went to the washroom. & ❗️❗️NOTE: If the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the main clause, the subject in the subordinate clause takes the particle が。The subject of the main (2nd) clause typically takes は particle. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 12) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} & YOU:Subject of the main (2nd) clause) \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & TEST:Subject of the subordinate (1st) clause) \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 0) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Noun + の前に "Before Noun"}} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 3) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V る + 時:"Right before I do..." (cont)}} \tn % Row 15 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & \seqsplit{晩御飯の前にテレビを見ましょう。} Let's watch TV before dinner. \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{テストを前に【復習】ふくしゅうしませんか。} Won't you review before the test? \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) % Row 17 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & \seqsplit{彼は子全8女の前に来ました。} He came to school before 8AM. \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 4) % Row 18 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{【戦争】せんそうの前に、彼女は英語の先生だった。} Before the war, she was an English teacher. \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 6) % Row 19 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 0) % Row 20 \SetRowColor{white} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Noun + の前に "In front of..."}} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 3) % Row 21 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & \seqsplit{コンビニの前に【自転車】じてんしゃがたくさんあります。} There are many bicycles in front of the convenience store. \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 7) % Row 22 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{私たちの学校の前には美しい公園があります。} There is a beautiful park in front of our school. \tn % Row Count 35 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Note: A subordinate clause has a subject and verb but is not a complete sentence because it doesn't convey a complete idea. They usually start off with a conjuction. \newline \newline Main clause is a complete sentence and a complete idea by itself because the subject of both the subordinate and main clauses are the same, "I". And because "I" is always the default subject, we don't mention it in Japanese translation. \newline \newline 食べてから (subordinate \seqsplit{clause)、手を洗います} (main clause)。} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た時 "Right before" V}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V た + 時:"Right after I do..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-てから: "Right after doing…"}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}❗️❗️Note: 時 already indicates time so に particle is not needed after it. However, when you attach に、the meaning changes to emphasis. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Suggests that the second action must happen right after the first action. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -The tense of the whole sentence depends on the tense of the main (second) clause. & -In the present tense emphasize that the first action happening before the second is important \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & ❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used with Nouns, 後で shall be used. . \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 0) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 0) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{私は寝た時牛乳を飲みました。} I drank milk right after I slept. & 10分歩いてから、電車にのってくだ\textbackslash{}さい。 After walking 10 minutes, please get on the train. \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 6) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{食べた時薬を飲みました。} I took my meds right after I ate. & \seqsplit{トイレを使tってから、手を洗わないといけません。} We must wash our hands after using the restroom. \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 6) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た時 "Right before" V (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{トイレに行た時手を洗う。} I wash my hands right あfter I go to the washroom. & \seqsplit{洗濯してから、休みます。} Right after doing the laundry, I will rest. \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{トイレに行た時手を洗った。} I wash my hands right after I went to the washroom. & \seqsplit{お母さんが出かけてから、お父さんは帰ってきた。} (Right) After mom left, dad came home. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 6) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & ❗️❗️NOTE: If the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the main clause, the subject in the subordinate clause takes the particle が。The subject of the main (2nd) clause typically takes は particle. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 12) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} & DAD:Subject of the main (2nd) clause) \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & MOM:Subject of the subordinate (1st) clause) \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 0) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た-あとで vs Vた-上で "After doing"}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Vた-あとで or Noun + の後: "After doing"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{V-た + 上で "After (carefully) doing…" }} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}-Only expressing the order without any emphasis & \{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Noun + の上(で)}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -It doesn't matter how long it takes from first action to next action because there are intervening actions before doing the final action. & \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{(Clause) 上での + Noun}} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 7) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} V-た後で = Even if it's in the past tense has nothing to do with the tense of the whole sentence. The tense of the sentence is decided in the main (2nd) clause. & -First verb is properly done in preparation for the second verb so there is a special relationship between the two verbs. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 9) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & ーFirst clause often contains words that describe confirmation or procedures. \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & ❗️❗️Note: で in (Noun + の上で) can be omitted \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 3) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た-あとで vs Vた-上で "After doing" (cont)}} \tn % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{卒業したあとで、日本に来た。} I came to Japan after graduation. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{シャワーを【浴びる】あびたあと、晩御飯を作る。} I will make dinner after I take a shower. & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{V-た + 上で "After (carefully) doing…"}} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 6) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{帰った後で、電気をつけました。} (Right after) After I get home, I switched on the lights. & \seqsplit{説明書】せつめいしょをよく読んだ上で、使ってください。Read} the instruction manual carefully before using. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 7) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{トラブルの【原因】げんいんを【調べた】しらべた上で、上司に報告します。After} investigating the cause of the trouble, report it to your boss. \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 9) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 0) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{There are times when てから makes more sense to use than 多後で:}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Noun + の上で}} \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た-あとで vs Vた-上で "After doing" (cont)}} \tn % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1. Instructions in a recipe book & ❗️❗️Note: で in (Noun + の上で) can be omitted \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} 2. When you buy something from the vending machine & \seqsplit{【金額】きんがくを【確認】かくにんの上(で)、サインをお願いします。} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 5) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 3. Medical procedures & Please check the amount and sign it. (After checking the amount, please sign.) \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 4) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{家族と【相談】そうだんの上(で)、お【返事】へんじをいたします。We} will reply to you after consulting with your family. \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 8) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 0) % Row 17 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{【塩】しおを振り掛けてから、スープに【掻き混ぜる】かきまぜる。} After sprinkling salt, you stir it into the soup. & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{(Clause) 上での + Noun}} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 8) % Row 18 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{彼女はドアを閉めてからロックをかける。} After she closes the door, she will lock it. & {\emph{When the second clause is a noun, it becomes 上での}} \tn % Row Count 34 (+ 6) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-た-あとで vs Vた-上で "After doing" (cont)}} \tn % Row 19 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{お金を入れてから、ボタンを押します。} I will press the button after inserting the money. & \seqsplit{何日も考えた上での【決定】けっていです。} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 20 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{薬を飲んでから、休みます。} You will rest after drinking medicine. & After days of thinking, the decision was made. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 4) % Row 21 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{日本人は食べてから、「ごちそうさまでした」と言います。} After eating, Japanese say, "gochisou sama deshita." & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 7) % Row 22 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 0) % Row 23 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Noun + の後 "After the (noun)...}} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 24 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{晩御飯の後でテレビを見ましょう。} Let's watch TV after dinner. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 4) % Row 25 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{彼は午前8時の後で来ました。} He came to school after 8AM. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 4) % Row 26 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{仕事の後で、僕と映画を見ませんか。} Won't you watch a movie with me after work? & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS:}} \newline \newline 【決定】けってい: decision; determination \newline 【金額】きんがく: amount of money; sum of money \newline 説明書】せつめいしょ: (printed) instructions; manual; explanatory leaflet (pamphlet, note); description \newline 【原因】げんいん: cause; origin; source \newline 【調べる】しらべる: to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-る 時 vs V-た 時}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{With verbs, it helps to keep in mind that non-past form indicates an action that happens "all the time" or is "not yet completed".} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The past form is used when the action is "over and finished".} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る とき (Non-past) "Right before"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-た とき (Past) "Right after"}} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}Indicates an action that happens "all the time" or is "not yet completed" & \{\{bt=2\}\}Used when the action is "over and finished" \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 0) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} 日本へ行く \seqsplit{とき、カメラを買いました。} & 日本へ行った \seqsplit{とき、カメラを買いました。} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} I bought a camera when I was on my way to Japan. & I bought a camera when I went to Japan. \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} (Before reaching Japan, on the way there) & (Arrived in Japan and bought a camera there) \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} ❗️❗️ & ❗️❗️ \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} 行く indicates that the action had not been completed. The speaker bought a camera somewhere on his/her way to Japan. (the camera could be bought in his/her own country). & 行った indicates that the action had been completed and the speaker bought a camera after arriving in Japan. \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 9) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-る 時 vs V-た 時 (cont)}} \tn % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 0 (+ 0) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{⭕️部屋に入る} \seqsplit{とき、「失礼します」と言います。} & \seqsplit{⭕️今朝友達に会った} \seqsplit{とき、「おはようございます」と言いました。} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} I say "Excuse Me" before entering the room. & I said "Good Morning" when I met my friend this morning. \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} In this case you cannot use \seqsplit{部屋に入ったとき} because it will mean that you are saying "Excuse Me" after you have entered the room. It's considered rude if you do this to your boss. & In this case you cannot use \seqsplit{今朝友達に会うとき} because it will mean that you were saying "Good Morning" before you met your friend. You would be talking to no one if you did that. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 10) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-ている + 時:"When I am doing..."}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ている + 時:"When I am doing..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ている + 【間】 あいだ:"When I am doing..."}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used when V2 (main clause) is over in an instant. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used when two actions happen over a span of time and there are some overlap duration. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 0) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{私が勉強している時お父さんが電気を消してしまった。} & \seqsplit{私が勉強している【間】あいだお父さんはテレビを見ていた。} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} When I was studying, dad unfortunately switched off the lights. & When I was studying, dad was watching TV. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} (Nuance: Happens quickly in an instant) & (Nuance: Main verb is 見ていた which happens over a period of time, overlapping the time "when I was studying") \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{時 with stative verb in main clause}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{When V2 is in the past tense and V1 is a stative verb, then V1 can be either non-past or past. }}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 0) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When I was at the school, I spoke to Mr Tanaka.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{いる = stative verb} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thus, you can use the present or past tense: いる / いた} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{⭕️学校にいる時田中先生と話しました。}} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{⭕️学校にいた時田中先生と話しました。}} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{時 with Adjectives}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{い-Adj}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{な-Adj}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}❗️❗️Note: Adjectives are stative, hence, it can be in the past tense if the main verb is in the past tense. It does not matter.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 0) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{天気が暑い時海に行きます。} When the weather is hot, I go to the beach. & \seqsplit{【静か】しずかな時【中国語】ちゅうごく語を勉強します。} When it's quiet, I study Chinese. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{天気が暑かった時海に行きました。} I went to the beach when it was hot. & \seqsplit{おばあさんは元気な時公園を【散歩】さんぽします。} Grandma strolls the park when she's fine. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 6) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{私は【寂しい】さびしい時お母さんに【相談】そうだんします。} When I am lonely, I talk to mom. & \seqsplit{【暇】ひまな時何をしますか。暇な時は運動します。
What} do you do when you're free? When I'm free, I exercise. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 7) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{【株】かぶは安い時は買います。高い時は売ります。} About stocks, I buy when it's cheap. I sell when it's high. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nouns + の時}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}Nouns + の時} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{この + の時:This time} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{その + の時:That time (when the speaker and listener knows "that time")} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{あの + の時:That time (only the speaker is familiar with but the listener isn't)} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{どの + の時:Which time} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{その時、私はまだ学生だった。} & At that time, I was still a student. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{子供の時私はひらがなを覚えました。} & I memorized the Hiragana alphabet when i was a child. \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{夏の時【かき氷】かきごうりを食べましょう。} & Let's eat shaved ice when it's summer. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{【祭り】まつりの時、この【町】まちは【賑やか】にぎやかになる。} & This town becomes lively when it's festival time. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{時 +の (to nominalize clauses)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{時 can also be used to nominalize clauses when you add の (nominalizer) right after it. }}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 0) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{林さんは会社の時の知り合いです。} & Mr Hayashi is an acquaintance from my time at the company. \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{あなたといる時の自分が一番好き。} & I like myself best when I'm with you. (Lit. It is the time that I am with you that I like my self best.) \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{日本人は子供の時から【豆腐】とうふを食べます。} & Japanese people eat tofu since childhood. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{僕は君といる時が一番好きです。} & I like best the time when I'm with you. \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Common mistake while using 時}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{とき (toki) is a time expression. Therefore, if there is already a time expression in a sentence, you don't add in とき after that time expression.}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 0) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{❌朝の \seqsplit{とき、コーヒーを飲みます。}} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{⭕️朝コーヒーを飲みます。}} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I drink coffee in the morning.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 0) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{⭕️眠い \seqsplit{とき、コーヒーを飲みます。}} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I drink coffee when I am sleepy.} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{〜とき and Different Particles}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ときも "Too; also" / ときにも "At that time too"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ときは "As for…,"}} & \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}に = underlines the time period you're referring to & \{\{bt=2\}\}"As for…," it marks the topic and shows you're going to talk more about it. は could also be used when you're talking about a certain topic in comparison to something else. & \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 15) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} も = indicates the time in addition to some other time(s). & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 0) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{小さいときにも、日本に住んでいました。} & \seqsplit{小さいときには、日本に住んでいました。} & \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{〜とき and Different Particles (cont)}} \tn % Row 5 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} When I was little, I lived in Japan too. & When I was little, I lived in Japan. & \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{ar\}\} & {\bf{Nuance:}} In this case, the particle に stresses "when I was little" as a specific time and は marks it as a topic and/or expresses a contrast between "when I was little" and "when I wasn't little." When you phrase it all together, you sound as if you're emphatically declaring that you only lived in Japan when you were a child and not any other times. & \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 28) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{〜とき and Different Particles (cont)}} \tn % Row 7 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} VS & \{\{ar\}\} & \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{小さいときにも、日本に住んでいました。} & \{\{ar\}\} & \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 5) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} When I was little, I lived in Japan too. & \{\{ar\}\} & \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 4) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Nuance: }} As you know now, に underlines the time period you're referring to, while も indicates you lived in Japan at that time in addition to some other time(s). & \{\{ar\}\} & \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 13) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 0) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{white} \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ときから "Since..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ときまで "At that time too"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ときが}} \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 4) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{bt=2\}\}-To talk about since when you've done something & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Commonly followed by the description of how you feel (or felt) about the time you're talking about. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Commonly followed by the description of how you feel (or felt) about the time you're talking about. \tn % Row Count 36 (+ 9) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{〜とき and Different Particles (cont)}} \tn % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} & \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{五才のときから七才のときまで、日本に住んでいました。I} lived in Japan from when I was five to seven. & \seqsplit{五才のときから七才のときまで、日本に住んでいました。I} lived in Japan from when I was five to seven. & \seqsplit{小さいときが、一番楽しかった。When} I was little, I had the most fun. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 10) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & & このド \seqsplit{アを開けるときが、いつもすごく恐いんだよ。I'm} always so scared when I open this door. \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 9) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-ない + 時:"When I don't (do)..."}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + 時:"When I don't (do)..."}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}-Indicate the time "When I don't (do)..."} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{仕事しない時音楽を聴いたり本を読んだりします。}} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When I don't work, I listen to music and read books. (It is when I don't work that I listen to music, read book, etc.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}