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% Document Info
\author{jennilee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (passive-form.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jennilee)
  /Subject (Passive Form Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Passive Form Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/44339/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Form Uses 【敬語】けいご}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-check\}\}Used to express your feelings (like you are a victim) towards \seqsplit{someone/else's} action (upset, happy, embarrassed, etc.) or you're trying to think from the victim's POV. This is an indirect passive wherein someone does something to a person causing that person to be unhappy. & \seqsplit{(Subject/Victim)} は (Doer) に (Passive Verb) & Transitive: \seqsplit{あいつに笑らわれた。					"He} laughed at me!" (and I'm upset) \tn 
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 &  & \seqsplit{Intransitive:} \seqsplit{昨日雨の降られた。"I} got rained on yesterday \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\}Used to speak from the speaker's perspective / to keep the subject "I".  (He told me → I was told by him) & \seqsplit{(Subject/Victim)} は (Doer) に (Passive Verb) & \seqsplit{【彼氏】かれしに【振る】ふられた。} My bf dumped me (and I'm not happy). \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Form Uses 【敬語】けいご (cont)}}  \tn
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-The direct object is now the topic and the focus of the sentence which will take は/が & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\}Used when emphasis is on the direct object & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{寿司を田中さんに作られた。The} sushi was made by Tanaka. \tn 
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 & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\}Doer is not important or unknown (eg. reports, news) & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{１００万円が盗まれた。1} million yen was stolen. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\}2 kinds of Passive:} \tn 
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1) Direct = verb is transitive only &  & Transitive: \seqsplit{あいつに笑らわれた。					"He} laughed at me!" (and I'm upset) \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2) Indirect = verb can be transitive or intansitive (also known as suffering passive) &  & \seqsplit{Intransitive:} \seqsplit{昨日雨の降られた。"I} got rained on yesterday \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Form Uses 【敬語】けいご (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\}The passive form in regular sentence construction turns the sentence into honorific. &  & \seqsplit{東京に行かれますか。"Will} you go to Tokyo?" \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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By \seqsplit{(someone/something)} to denote the doer is indicated by particles: & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{✤ に (most commonly used)、} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{✤ によって、} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{✤ から} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Note:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{★ In active voice, the subject is doing the action of the verb.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{★ In passive voice, the subject is receiving the action of the verb or being acted upon, and the verb is accompanied by a helping (auxiliary) verb such as is, are, was, were, has, have, been.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{★ In passive form, the person in front of the に particle is the one that who did the action.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.46464 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{1.05271 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V - Passive あれる / られる Conjugation}}  \tn
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{G 1 - \textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}う\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{G 2 -　\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}いる / える\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{G 3 }} \tn 
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Change to: あれる & Change to: られる & する : \seqsplit{される} \tn 
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行く → \seqsplit{行かれる} & -Conjugates the same way as potential form & くる : \seqsplit{こられる} \tn 
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かう → \seqsplit{買われる} & (ら canNOT  be omitted) &  \tn 
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話す → \seqsplit{話される} & 食べる → 食べられる &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Use active verbs turned into a passive form} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex. eat, drink, watch, open, close} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Sometimes, the doer is unknown} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Sometimes, the indirect object is the subject or topic} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{**} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Formation:  \newline  \newline (Doer) は (Target) に (Object) を (Regular Verb) \newline (Target) は (Doer) に (Object)  を (Passive Verb) \newline  \newline 母は私に買い物を頼みました。
 \newline My mother asked me to go shopping.  \newline  \newline 私は母に買い物を頼まれました。 \newline I was asked to go shopping by my mother.  \newline  \newline 私は犬に【噛む】かまれました。 \newline I was bitten by a dog.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Keeping the subject "I"}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{★★ Used to speak from the speaker's perspective / to keep the subject "I".  (He told me → I was told by him)} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Basic:}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Passive:}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\seqsplit{【彼氏】かれしは私を【振った】ふった。} & \seqsplit{【彼氏】かれしに【振る】ふられた。} \tn 
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My bf dumped me. (but there is no nuance that you are upset, it only sounds like you are stating the fact.) & My bf dumped me (and I'm not happy). \tn 
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\seqsplit{友達に「写真を撮って」と頼んだ。} & \seqsplit{友達に「写真を撮って」と【頼む】たのまれました。} \tn 
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I asked my friend, "Please take a picture!" & I was asked by my friend, "Please take a picture!" \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{*} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Note: Although passive form is used when you feel like you're the victim, this grammar can also be used by speaking from your perspective. You can be happy, upset, embarassed but it always depends on your tone of voice.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(Object) は/を (Doer) に (Passive Verb)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{"Noun has been... V"} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Note: In the Passive Form, sometimes there is ambiguity. Context particles are important to distinguish the meaning of the sentence.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{は (nothing offensive) }} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{を (offensive) }} \tn 
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(Object) は \textless{}Passive\textgreater{}。 & (Object) を \textless{}Passive\textgreater{}。 \tn 
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\textasciitilde{}is \textless{}passive (e.g. built / destroyed / made)\textgreater{} & -Someone did something and I'm upset. \tn 
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-No nuance of the speaker getting offended. Just to sound more formal. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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-If there is no need/don't care to mention the doer of the action, we can make the object as the Topic by using the particle は/が。 & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\seqsplit{この家は2009年にたてられた。}  This house was built in 2009. & \seqsplit{家を立ってらていた。} The house was built (and I'm upset). \tn 
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\seqsplit{ドアは開けられました。} The door was opened (by somebody). & \seqsplit{兄にドアを開けられました。} My brother opened the door (and I'm upset). \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(Object) は/を (Doer) に (Passive Verb) (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{【窓】まどは田中さんに開けられた。} The window was opened by Tanaka-san. & \seqsplit{【窓】まどを田中さんに開けられた。} The window was opened by Tanaka-san (and I'm annoyed). \tn 
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\seqsplit{【次】つぎのオリンピックは東京で【行う】おこなわれます。} The next Olympics is going to be held in Tokyo. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express feelings (upset, embarassed)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{★★ In Passive Form, you do not need to add any swear words in the sentence as it is already implied by using the passive verb.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Plain Verb}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{(Subject/Victim) は (Doer) に (Passive Verb)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{(V-てしまう / ちゃう}} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}Statement & \{\{bt=2\}\}Someone does \textasciitilde{} and the speaker is upset & \{\{bt=2\}\}(Subject) does \textasciitilde{} and regrets \tn 
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 & -Used to express your feelings (like you are a victim) towards \seqsplit{someone/else's} action (upset, happy, embarrassed, etc.) or you're trying to think from the victim's POV. & -The speaker is \seqsplit{regretting/feel} guilty of his own action / accidentally or \seqsplit{unintentionally} \tn 
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 & There is no need to use swear words, you can always convey your emotions by conjugating the verb. & -When you're the speaker and speaks from other people's perspective and thinks that he/she regrets his own action. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express feelings (upset, embarassed) (cont)}}  \tn
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 & -Used when you're the victim and you're trying to think from the victim's (you are siding) POV & -Express the feeling that it is a shame that it happened "Didn't mean to; not on purpose" \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Basic:}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Passive:}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{V-てしまう / ちゃう}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\seqsplit{見た。I/She} saw it. & 見られた! They saw me. & \seqsplit{見ちゃった！} I saw it! \seqsplit{(accidentally;} and I regret; OH NO). (Witness) \tn 
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 & (And I'm upset that they saw me.) (Criminal) (DAMN) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{【裸】はだかを見られた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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 & Somebody saw me naked (and I'm upset). & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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 &  & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express feelings (upset, embarassed) (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{あいつは笑った。} That guy (He) \seqsplit{smiled/laughed}. (No nuance of the speaker getting offended.) & \seqsplit{あいつに笑らわれた。He} laughed at me! (and I'm upset) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{トムはエミリーの【携帯】けいたいを見た。} Tom saw Emily's phone. (Just a statement) & \seqsplit{(私は)エミリーに【携帯】けいたいを見ちゃった。Emily} saw/looked at my phone (and I'm upset). & \seqsplit{(私は)エミリーの【携帯】けいたいを見ちゃった。} I saw Emily's phone (and I regret / \seqsplit{accidentally)}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{どこでも寝(ら)れる。I} can sleep anywhere. (Potential) & \seqsplit{あの【客】きゃくにたくさん食べられた。} & \seqsplit{食べすぎちゃった。} I ate too much (and I regret). \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{あきらに私の写真を撮った。} & \seqsplit{あきらに写真を【撮る】とられた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Akira took a picture of me. & Akira took a picture of me (and I'm not happy). / I was taken a photo of by Akira. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express feelings (upset, embarassed) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(No nuance of the speaker getting offended.) & \seqsplit{❗️❗️Note:} You do not have to add 私 as the passive form already implied that you 9as the subject) are the victim. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{私が開けるよ。} & \seqsplit{開けられる。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I'll open it (for you). (Sometimes in English, we say "I can". But in Japanese, we do not use any forms). & (Can mean 'can open' or 'somebody opened and I'm annoyed' as potential and passive G2 verbs have the same \seqsplit{conjugation).} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & That customer ate so much (and I'm not happy). & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{話しているのに【後輩】こうはいに寝られた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express feelings (upset, embarassed) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Even \seqsplit{though/Inspite} of the fact that I'm talking, my kouhai fell asleep on me. (How annoying!) (Would not use 'while'. のに (eventhough / inspite of) is better) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{彼にネタバレされた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & My bf spoiled the story (and I'm upset). & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{彼に【浮気】うわきされた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & My boyfriend cheated on me (and I'm upset).  & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{**} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{P2 did something to Target's belonging}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\} \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Basic:  (Doer) は/が (Target) の (Object) を (Regular Verb)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Passive: (Target) に (Doer) は (Object) を (Passive Verb)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Favor:  (Receiver) は (Doer) に (V- てもらう)}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\} & \{\{bt=2\}\} Someone did something to my belonging that made me \seqsplit{annoyed/upset} & \{\{bt=2\}\} Someone did something for me that I'm grateful for (as a favour) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
弟が私の PS \seqsplit{4を壊しました。} & \seqsplit{(私は)弟にPS} \seqsplit{4を壊す】こわされました。} & \seqsplit{(私は)友達にノートパソコンを【修理】しゅうりしてもらいました。} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
My little brother broke my PS4. & I got my PS4 broken by my little brother. & I had my friend repair my laptop. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{❌(私は)友達にノートパソコンを【修理】しゅうりされました。} & \seqsplit{⭕️(私は)友達にノートパソコンを【修理】しゅうりしてもらいました。} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{P2 did something to Target's belonging (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I had my friend repair my laptop (and I'm upset. & I had my friend repair my laptop. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{(私は)猫に手を【噛む】かまれました。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I got my hand bitten by a cat. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{(私は)【泥棒】どろぼうにカメラを取られました。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I had my camera stolen by a thief. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{犬に服を【汚す】よごされました。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I had my clothes dirtied by my dog. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{(私は)前にいる男に足を【踏む】ふまれました。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{P2 did something to Target's belonging (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I got my foot stepped on by the man in front of me. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(Invented/discovered) "By someone"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{★★(Invented/discovered) "By someone" (Someone) + によって + (Passive V)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{(Someone) + によって + (Passive V)}} & \{\{border=1\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Noun) + により + (Passive V)}} & \{\{border=1\}\}\{\{fa-rocket\}\}{\bf{Vocabs used:}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{インスタントらメンは日本人によって【発明されました】はつめいさレました。} & \seqsplit{アイフォン} \seqsplit{はアップル【社】しゃにより発明されました】はつめいさレました。} & \seqsplit{【彫刻】ちょうこく：carve;} sculpt \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Instant noodles were invented by the Japanese. & iPhones are released by Apple. & \seqsplit{【彫る】ほる：to} carve; to engrave; to sculpt; to chisel; to tattoo \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{ダビデの【彫刻】ちょうこくはミケランジェロによって【彫る】ほられました。} & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{【発明】はつめい：invention} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(Invented/discovered) "By someone" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The statue of David was sculpted by \seqsplit{Michelangelo.} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電話はベルによって【発明】はつめいされました。} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The telephone was invented by Bell. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{このワクチンは日本の【理学者】りがくしゃによってはっけんされました。} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
This vaccine was discovered by a Japanese scientist. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direct and Indirect Passive}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{DIRECT PASSIVE}} & {\bf{INDIRECT PASSIVE (Suffering Passive)}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
-Use active verbs turned into a passive form & Indirect Object: To whom something is done \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ex. eat, drink, watch, open, close & -Someone did something to a person and that caused the person to be unhappy or happy. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-Sometimes, the doer is unknown & -The subject of the sentence is the victim. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Sometimes, the indirect object is the subject or topic & -THe verb in an indirect passive can be originally a transitive or intransitive. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{ケーキは子供達に食べられる。} & \seqsplit{レシピはお母さんから娘さんに伝えらる。} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
The cake will be eaten by the children. & The recipe is passed on by the mother to the daughter. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{寿司は田中さんに作られた。} & (When translated to Japanese, there is no way of knowing the recipient and doer if we use the particle に; hence, から will be used. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direct and Indirect Passive (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The sushi was made by Ms Tanaka. & \seqsplit{【お釣り】おつりはウェートレスさんからお客様に【渡す】わたされました。} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
The iPhone was invented by Apple. & The change was handed over by the waitress to the customer. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{愛フォンはアップル社によってアップル社によって【発明】はつめいされた。} & \seqsplit{お客様はウェートレスさんに【お釣り】おつりを【渡す】わたされました。} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{お金を【盗む】ぬすまれた。} & The customer was handed the change by the waitress. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The money was stolen. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{男は【殺】ころされた。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The man was killed. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS:}} \newline  \newline 【盗む】ぬすむ：to steal \newline 【お釣り】おつり：change \newline 【渡す】わたす：to hand over; to hand in; to pass; to give; to transfer}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Combined with other Conjugation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{V-たくない：Don't want to}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{僕は君に言われたくないよ。}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I don't want to be told by you, you know.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{V-ても：Even if}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{僕はみんなに悪く思われても平気だ。}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Even if I'm thought of badly by others, I don't sweat (don't mind).} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Conditional Form}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{呼ばれたら来ますか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If you will be called, will you come?} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{てもいい：May I? }}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{君は笑われてもいいですか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Are you okay being laughed at?} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Nominalization: }}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{捨てられた本はどこですか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Where are the books that was thrown out?} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{V-てしまう：unfortunately; regret}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{彼はカニングしたのを先生に見られてしまった。}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{He was unfortunately seen cheating by the teacher.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}