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% Document Info
\author{jennilee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (jlpt-n3-conjunctions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jennilee)
  /Subject (JLPT N3 Conjunctions Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{JLPT N3 Conjunctions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/44773/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sequence}}  \tn
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{\bf{Copulative Conjunctions:}} & {\bf{Disjunctive Conjunctions:}} & {\bf{Adversative Conjunctions:}} & {\bf{Conclusive Conjunctions}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
-Expresses the addition and/or connection of meanings. & \seqsplit{-Expresses} the \seqsplit{disjunction} of their meanings. & \seqsplit{-Expresses} the \seqsplit{opposition} of their meanings. &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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And: & -or, -or : -ka, -ka \seqsplit{‥か、‥か} & But: & So: \tn 
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と、 & -and, -and : -ya, -ya \seqsplit{‥や、‥や} & \seqsplit{しかし、} & \seqsplit{それで、} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
や、 &  & が、 & \seqsplit{なので} \tn 
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そして &  & けど &  \tn 
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 &  & \seqsplit{けれども} & And then: \tn 
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Also: &  & なのに & \seqsplit{それから、} \tn 
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も、 &  & でも & \seqsplit{その後} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{もまた} \tn 
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 &  & However: & \seqsplit{Therefore:　} \tn 
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Then: &  & \seqsplit{しかしながら、} & \seqsplit{それゆえに、} \tn 
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\seqsplit{そして、} &  & \seqsplit{ところが} & \seqsplit{だから、} \tn 
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\seqsplit{それから} &  &  & \seqsplit{したがって} \tn 
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 &  & Despite: &  \tn 
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Or: &  & \seqsplit{にもかかわらず} & Thus: \tn 
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\seqsplit{または、} &  &  & \seqsplit{ゆえに、} \tn 
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また &  &  & \seqsplit{したがって} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ところが}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ところが "However; Despite that"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{なぜなら... から "Because, The reason is, That is because"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{そこで \seqsplit{"Accordingly;} Now; \seqsplit{Therefore;} To that end"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{【但し】 ただし "but; however; provided that"}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
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\{\{bt=2\}\}(Expectation) Phrase + \seqsplit{ところが} + \seqsplit{(Unexpected} Result) Phrase & \{\{bt=2\}\}Phrase \seqsplit{(A)。なぜなら(ば)} + Reason for (A) Phrase + から + だ & \{\{bt=2\}\}(Situation) \seqsplit{Phrase。そこで} + \seqsplit{(Solution)} Phrase & \{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Used to highlight that (A) was expected, but the \seqsplit{unexpected} result (B) occurred. It is usually \seqsplit{translated} as 'however', or 'despite that'. & 'why (A), that is because (B)'. \seqsplit{Essentially}, it is a way to highlight that a 'because' is coming at the end of the sentence, drawing attention to it. & -This phrase behaves very similarly to 'as such' in English. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 15)
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-Often used at the beginning of a new sentence & \seqsplit{-Literally}, \seqsplit{なぜなら～から} is similar to 'why is (A) so, (B) is the cause'. This sounds quite dramatic in English, but is a perfectly natural way of \seqsplit{emphasizing} a \seqsplit{statement/fact} in Japanese. & -Usually, a first sentence will highlight what the \seqsplit{'situation'} is, before そこで goes on to explain how that situation was or will be resolved. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\seqsplit{納豆は安いし、美味しいし、健康にもいい。ところが、納豆を嫌いな日本人も少ないのだ。} & \seqsplit{明日は仕事に来ません。なぜなら、明日は友達の結婚式に行くからです。} & \seqsplit{彼は雨の中、傘なしで立っている。そこで、私は車から出て彼に私の傘をあげた。} & \seqsplit{今日は5時に仕事が終わります。ただし残業があったらもっと遅くなります。} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ところが (cont)}}  \tn
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Natto is cheap, delicious, and healthy. However, there are very few Japanese people who dislike natto. & I will not come to work tomorrow. Why? That's because I will be going to my friends' wedding. & He is standing in the rain without an umbrella. As such, I got out of the car and gave him mine. & I'll finish work at 5 o'clock today. However, if there is overtime, I will be late longer. \tn 
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 &  & \seqsplit{お腹が空いた。そこで、コンビニに行った。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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 &  & I was hungry. As such, I went to the \seqsplit{convenience} store. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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と "And" & -Used to connect nouns \tn 
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や "And" & -Used to connect nouns; only list only some parts of a whole \tn 
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そして "And" "Thus; And then" & -Used to add noun(s), or to explain an action that follows (usually used at the start of a new sentence). \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ex. \seqsplit{テーブルの上にりんごとみかん、そしてバナナがあります。} \tn 
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 & There are apples, oranges, and bananas on the table. \tn 
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 & \seqsplit{私はりんごを食べます。そしてみかんも食べます。} \tn 
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 & I'll eat an apple. And then I'll eat an orange, too. \tn 
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もし "If;" "In case; supposing" & -Used with たら、なら、ば \tn 
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 & -Emphasized that it's hypothetical. This puts more emphasis that it is only a theory: "WHAT IF". \tn 
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 & -たら/ なら / ば are necessary for IF but not "もし"。You cannot use もし with と。 \tn 
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V-たら "If; When" & -It's usually used to express a relationship of assumption, as well as a specific and one-time consequence. \tn 
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V-plain なら "If; When" & -Unlike たら (-tara), なら (-nara) is usually used to express a speaker's decision, order, hope, or opinion of assumption when assuming a certain thing. \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{京都へ行くなら、新幹線で行きたいです。} \tn 
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 & If I go to Kyoto, I want to go by Shinkansen. \tn 
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V-plain すると "If" "Then" & -When using すると (suruto) as a conditional conjunction, と (to) or だと (da to) usually come in front of it. It expresses a relationship of assumption and a consequence. \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{彼が間に合わないとすると、私たちは会議を始められません。} \tn 
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 & If he can't come in time, we can't start a meeting. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express Cause}}  \tn
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から/だから "So; Therefore; Thus" & -Has a nuance of putting a blame or justify your action because of something \tn 
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 & -Used for sequential events, volition, requests, state \tn 
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ので "So; Therefore; Thus" & -Feeling is neutral; Objectively presents a cause and effect relationship as a natural course of events \tn 
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 & -Used in written and spoken language; Gentler sounding \tn 
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 & ので is used to connect phrases to which indicates that there is a willful action. It is your own decision to do it. \tn 
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\seqsplit{ため/のため(に)} "because (of) …; as a consequence of …" & Ex. \seqsplit{雪のため電車は遅れました。} \tn 
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 & Because of the snow, the train was delayed. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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なぜなら "Because" & -A sentence of a particular situation comes before なぜなら (nazenara), and a sentence to explain why follows it. It often comes with だから (da kara) or から (kara) to explain why. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express Cause (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{彼女は怒って帰りました。なぜなら【彼氏】かれしが【浮気】うわきしたのを知ったからです。} \tn 
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 & She got angry and left, because she came to know her boyfriend had cheated on her. \tn 
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または / もしくは "Or; Otherwise" & -Used when you want to show options for something. \tn 
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 & -または is more common and is used more often than もしくは \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{電車またはバスで行きます。} \tn 
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 & I will go by train or bus. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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か "Or...; Whether... or" & -Usually used twice in a sentence to indicate alternatives. \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{今レストランは開いているか、} \seqsplit{閉まっているか、知っていますか。} \tn 
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 & Do you know if the restaurant is open or closed now? \tn 
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あるいは "Or; Alternatively" & -Used to xpress a choice between A or B \tn 
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 & -Used to show things which are of the same or similar kind. It has a nuance of "alternatively." \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{私は来年大阪あるいは名古屋へ転勤になります。} \tn 
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 & I will be transferred to Osaka or Nagoya next year. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Conjunctions}}  \tn
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ところで "By the way" & -Used when you change the topic in a conversation, and it's generally used before asking a question. \tn 
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 & Ex. \seqsplit{ところで、今週末は何か予定ありますか。} \tn 
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 & By the way, do you have any plans for this weekend? \tn 
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【一方で】 いっぽうで "On the other hand; while; meanwhile" & -Used to indicate that the following sentence will be in a direction different from the previous sentence. The following sentence doesn't necessarily have to be completely opposite from the previous one. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ex. \seqsplit{彼女は寿司が好きです。一方で彼はピザが好きです。} \tn 
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 & She likes sushi. On the other hand, he likes pizza. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{例えば "For example"} \tn 
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さらに "In addition; moreover" & -Used when you want to add something. \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ex. \seqsplit{日曜日に買い物へ行き、さらにジムへ行きました。その上、夜は映画を見に行きました。} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & I went shopping, and in addition, I went to the gym on Sunday. Moreover, I went to see the movie. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
その上 "On top of that" & -Used when you want to add something. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Stronger emphasis than さらに \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ex. \seqsplit{日曜日に買い物へ行き、さらにジムへ行きました。} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & I went shopping, and moreover, I went to the gym on Sunday. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}