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% Document Info
\author{jennilee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (japanese-verb-tenses.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jennilee)
  /Subject (Japanese Verb Tenses Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Japanese Verb Tenses Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/42920/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 30th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express Experience}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Formation: }}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{V-る} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{い-Adj + ことがある} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{な-Adj  / Noun + だた} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
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\SetRowColor{white}
VERBS & ADJ / NOUNS \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-た + ことがある "I have done/been…; I have the experienced..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Adj/Noun past + ことがある There was a time when..."}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-(Lit. The fact that this happened exist) & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Use this to describe situations that are a few years old. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ❌❌DONTs: You can't use this grammar to describe events of recent past \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{日本人と好きあったことがある？} & \seqsplit{バナナは大変高かったことがあります。(to} describe event of several years old) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Have you dated a Japanese person? & \seqsplit{昨日バナナは大変高かったです。(to} describe event of recent past) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
A. \seqsplit{車が買ったことがある？} & There was a time when bananas were very expensive. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express Experience (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Have you (ever) bought a car? & \seqsplit{【国際旅行】こくさいりょこうは【不便】ふべんだったことがあります。} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
B. はい、ある。 Yes, I have. & There was a time when an international travel was inconvenient. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
B. \seqsplit{いいえ、ないです。} No, I haven't. & \seqsplit{私は学生だったことがあります}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{それは思ったことがあります。} & There was a time when I was a student. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I have thought of that before. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Occasional Occurence "Sometimes"}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Formation: }}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{V-る} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{い/な-Adj  + ことがある} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Noun + である} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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 & ADJECTIVES & NOUNS \tn 
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% Row 7
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことがある} "There are times when; Sometimes..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{い/な Adj + \seqsplit{ことがある} "There are times when; Sometimes..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Noun + である + \seqsplit{ことがある} There was a time when..."}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\} & \{\{bt=2\}\}-こと is directly put after the adjective as こと is \seqsplit{grammatically} a noun. & \{\{bt=2\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Used with Adverbs of Frequency:}} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
いつも \seqsplit{(always)、よく} \seqsplit{(often)、ときどき} \seqsplit{(sometimes)、たまに} \seqsplit{(occasionally)} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 12
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\seqsplit{たまに日本のしょうせつを読むことがあります。} & \seqsplit{【食堂】しょくどうの食べ物はたまに辛いことがある。} & \seqsplit{好みの売り物は【偽物】にせものであることがある。} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Occasional Occurence "Sometimes" (cont)}}  \tn
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I read Japanese novels \seqsplit{occasionally.} & The cafeteria's food is occasionally spicy. & There are times when this shop's merchandise is fake. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{たまに日本の【小説】しょうせつを読むことがあります。} & \seqsplit{日曜日は静かなことがあります。} & \seqsplit{【看護婦】かんごふは男であることがる。} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Occasionally, I read a Japanese novel. & There are times when Sundays are quiet. & There are times when nurses are males. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【大統領】だいとうりょうは【飛行機】ひこうきに乗ることがあります。} & \seqsplit{学校のお洗いは綺麗じゃないことがある。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
There are times when the president rides the plane. & The school washroom is sometimes not clean. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS:}} \newline  \newline 【小説】しょうせつ：novel  \newline 【偽物】にせもの：counterfeit \newline 【看護婦】かんごふ：nurse}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Have never done" "Have not..yet" "No need to"}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-た + \seqsplit{こと(が/は)ない} / \seqsplit{ありません} "I have never done…"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-て (は)ない "Haven't done... yet"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-た + \seqsplit{こと(は)ない} / \seqsplit{ありません} "There is no need to…"}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}Negative Present Perfect Tense & \{\{bt=2\}\} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{この映画は見たこと(が)ない。} & \seqsplit{A.新しい映画を見ましたか。} Have you seen the new movie? & \seqsplit{明日のテストは簡単だから心配することはないよ。} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
I have never seen this movie  before. & B. \seqsplit{うんん、見てない。}     I haven't seen it yet. & Tomorrow's test will be easy, so it's nothing to worry. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{それは思ったことはあります。} & {\bf{VS.}} \seqsplit{すみませんでした。} I didn't watch.   (Sounds like you chose to not watch it but decided not to after all.) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Have never done" "Have not..yet" "No need to" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I have not thought of that before. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Used to do something" Nostalgia*}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-Speaker used to do something often in the past and you do not do it anymore} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-たもんだ "Used to V…"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{よく... Vたっけ？"Used to always V"}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Words often used with this grammar: }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used to recall something from the past and get that feeling of nostalgia \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -Adding adverb of frequency in your sentence also adds that nostalgic feeling because if this is not added, it will sound like you just can't remember it and just trying to recall something \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Words often used: 　}} & {\bf{Words often used: 　}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
1.  \seqsplit{【昔】むかしは} V-た 物だ: Back in the day, I used to V　 & 1. \seqsplit{よく/毎日/毎週} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. Adverb of frequency & 2. Adverb of frequency \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. よく: Often} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{よく【祖父】そふの【田んぼ】たんぼの手伝いをしていたもんだ。} & \seqsplit{よく家族とここに来たっけ。} I used to come here often with my family. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Used to do something" Nostalgia* (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I used to often help with my grandpa's rice field. & {\bf{VS}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【家族】かぞくとよくここに来たもんだ。} & \seqsplit{家族とここに来たっけ？} Did I come here with my family? \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I used to come here often with my family. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"To become (something)" "To finally become"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(N) に なる  /  V-る ことになる "To naturally become"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{N + となる  /  V-る こととなる "To finally become"}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}な\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}- Adj +になる  /  \textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}い\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}- Adj + くなる & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Has the feeling of "Finally!" \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-To naturally become & ❗️❗️Note: Adjectives do not come before …となる。 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-The change is expected by everyone & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-To change time/season & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{よるになった。} It became night. & \seqsplit{結婚することとなる。} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{いしゃになる。} To become a doctor. & We are finally getting married.  (After all the heartbreak and ups and downs) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{田中さんは医者となる。} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Tanaka is finally a doctor!  (After all the struggles he has experienced) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"I decided to do (something)"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことにする} "I JUST decided to (do something)…"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことにした} "I decided to..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことにしている} "I've decided to do so and I make it my personal rule. "}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-Used if the activity will be a habit & \{\{bt=2\}\}-The decision was made not JUST now but it was a week/a month ago. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used to express personal resolutions (eg. new year's resolution) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-If you have decided to do something JUST NOW & \{\{ar\}\} & ❌❌ DONTs: Do not use it for things people do because of their national customs or tradition. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{これから毎日ランニングをすることにする。} I've decided to go running every day from now on. & \seqsplit{家を買うことにした。} I decided to buy a house. & \seqsplit{アメリカにすんでいるけど、げんかんでくつをぬぐことにしている。} Although I live in the US, I make it a rule to take off my shoes at the entrance. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"I decided to do (something)" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{新しい車を買うことにしましょう。Let's} decide to buy a new car. & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{毎晩地元に【地元】じもとのニュース【番組】ばんぐみをことにしている。} I decided (as a rule) to watch the local news every evening. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{食べる前に手を洗うことにしている。} I decided (as a rule) to wash my hands before I eat. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{NEGATIVE:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + \seqsplit{ことにする} "I decide not to do"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + \seqsplit{ことにした} "I decided not to..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + \seqsplit{ことにしている} "	 I've decided NOT to do so and I make it my personal rule. "}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"I decided to do (something)" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-Used if the activity will be a habit & \{\{bt=2\}\}-The decision was made not JUST now but it was a week/a month ago. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Expresses personal resolutions that from now on, you won't do something \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
-If you have decided to do something JUST NOW & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{僕は今日テレビを見ないことにした。I} decided not to watch TV today. & \seqsplit{寝る前に食べないことにした。} I've decided to stop eating before going to bed. & \seqsplit{お酒を飲まないことにしている。} I decided (as a rule) to not drink alcohol. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{僕は晩御飯に寿司を食べることにした。} I decided to eat sushi for dinner. & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{高い【服】ふくを買わないことにしています。} I decided (as a rule) not to buy expensive clothes. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 9)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{僕の【秘密】ひみつを彼女に言わないことにした。I} decided not to tell her my secret. & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{嘘をつかないことにしています。} I decided (as a rule) not to tell a lie. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"I decided to do (something)" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS}} \newline 【十分】じゅうぶん：enough \newline 【地元】じもと：local \newline 【番組】ばんぐみ：program}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことになる} "It's been decided that..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-る + \seqsplit{ことになっている} "It's been decided as a rule to do..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}N\textgreater{} を 決める (きめる) "To decide on / to choose \textless{}Noun\textgreater{}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-The decision is made by somebody else (not specified) or you made the decision WITH somebody else (eg. It's the law, rule). Things that you did not decide and you have to follow that rule. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used for laws and regulations, schedules, \seqsplit{apppointments} that are yet to occur. & \{\{bt=2\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 16)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Speaker or subject has no control over the situation. But even if they did, it is used to project humility. & -It's not mentioned who imposes these rules. But usually it's the government or authority that's obvious. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Japanese use this when firing a subordinate "Oh it's been decided that you've been let go". Also when asking a subordinate to do something unpleasant. This construction deflects blame (it is indirect). Or if the change is really good, it mitigates envy. & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 20)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{明日６時に会うことになった。} WE \seqsplit{decided/agreed} to meet at 6 tomorrow. (The decision was mutual) & \seqsplit{日本では車は【道】みちの左側を走ることになっている。} It's been decided (as a rule) that cars run on the left side of the road in Japan. & \seqsplit{こたえを決める}. To decide on / to choose an answer. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{僕は来年大学に入ることになりました。} It's been decided that I'll enter uiniversity next year. & \seqsplit{コロナウイルスの【感染】かんせんを【防ぐ】ふせぐため} \seqsplit{みんなはマスクをかけることになってる。It`s} been decided (as a rule) that everyone wears a mask to prevent covid infection. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{来月日本に帰ることになりました。} It's been decided that I'll go home to Japan next month. & \seqsplit{【一般】いっぱん【労働者】ろうどうしゃは月曜日から金曜日まで仕事することになっています。} It's been decided (as a rule) that ordinary workers work from Monday to Friday. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{田中さんはパーティーに寿司を持ってくることになった。} It's been decided that Ms. Tanaka will bring sushi to the party. & \seqsplit{エアーカナダは週に五回】５かい日本へ【出発】しゅっぱつすることになています。
It's} been decided (as a rule) that Air Canada flies to Japanese 5 times a week. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{NEGATIVE:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + \seqsplit{ことになる} "It'll be decided not to do"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ない + \seqsplit{ことになっている} "It's been decided as a rule NOT to do..."}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-The decision is made by somebody else (not specified) or you made the decision WITH somebody else (eg. It's the law, rule). Things that you did not decide and you have to follow that rule. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Used for laws and regulations, schedules, \seqsplit{apppointments} that are yet to occur. & \{\{bt=2\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{今日誰も車をつかないことになりました。} It's been decided that no one will use the car today. & \seqsplit{【未成年者】みせいねんしゃは【お酒】おさけを飲めないことになっている。} It`s been decided (as a rule) that minors can't drink alcohol. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 13)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{私たちはもう家を売らないことになりました。} It's been decided that we won't sell the house anymore. & \seqsplit{【糖尿病】とうにょうびょうで【お祖母さん】おばあさんは甘いものを食べないことになっています。} It`s been decided (as a rule) that granda doesn't eat much sweets due to diabetes. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"It's been decided" vs "Decided on N" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{雨で、子供達は外で遊ばないことになった。} It's been decided that the children won't play outside because of the rain. & \seqsplit{【自然】しぜんを【守る】まもるために【周り】まわり気を切らないことになっています。} It`s been decided (as a rule) to not cut the surrounding trees to protect nature. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS:}} \newline  \newline 【感染】かんせん：infection \newline 【防ぐ】ふせぐ：prevent \newline 【一般】いっぱん：ordinary \newline 【労働者】ろうどうしゃ：workers \newline 【未成年者】みせいねんしゃ：minors \newline 【糖尿病】とうにょうびょう：diabetes}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(X) has been V-てある "X is now ready for a current purpose" }}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}The focus is the ongoing state of X as a result of an action done on purpose to it and now X is ready for use.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Action is done on purpose by an unnamed agent (they are not mentioned that is why intransitive verbs are used) because they are not important, unknown or obvious.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-The result of the action remains visible/continues; X is now "ready".} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-X typically takes the subject particle が} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Or topic particle は (When X is a topic, is contrasted, or when the sentence is negative.)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-X sometimes takes the direct object particle を.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{V-てある USES: }}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Transitive Verbs} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Active Verbs} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} The result of an action is visible; percievable} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{CLARIFICATION：}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Intransitive：V-ている }} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Transitive：V-てある}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{ドアを開いている。} & \seqsplit{ドアが開けてある。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The door is open. & The door is open. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(Nuance: The door is in a state of being open.) & (Nuance: The focus is in the state of the door being open as a result of someone opening the door on purpose. And so now, the door is ready for some purpose: (eg. let people inside.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電気がついている。} & \seqsplit{電気がつけてある。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The light is on. & The light is turned on. (Somebody turned it on and is still on) &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{AFFIRMATIVE}} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Transitive：V-てある "It has been... is now ready for a current purpose"}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}-Describes a state after the action happened.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-We don't have to specify who did the action, the important thing is the result; what remains after the action.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Intransitive: Focuses on SOMEBODY who did the action and left it that way. Current state.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-Sounds like somebody is INVOLVED in completing the action and focuses on the current state.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-が particle is used} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{コーヒーに砂糖が入れてあります。} & \seqsplit{オンライン}.クラスは【録音】ろくおんしてある。 &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
Sugar has been put into the coffee. & The online class has been audio recorded. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(Nuance: And it's now ready to drink.) & (Ready for your review if you were absent.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
(Someone put the sugar \seqsplit{intentionally} into the coffee and the sugar continuous to be in a state with remains in the coffee and as a result, the coffee is now sweet and ready to drink.) & = は is used to mark the topic &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{電気がつけてあります。} & \seqsplit{【お弁当】おべんとうが買ってあります。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
The lights have been turned on. (And now the we can use the room.) & The lunchboxes have been bought. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{ピザが半分食べてあります。} & (And they're now ready for lunch later.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
(The pizza is half eaten. (And now you don't have to do it.) & \seqsplit{2階の【教室】きょうしつは全部掃除してある。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{電気が【消す】けしてある。} & All the classrooms on the 2nd floor have been cleaned. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
I turned off the lights (and it's staying that way.) & = は particle is used as contrast. Ex. All the classrooms on the 2nd floor as opposed tothe classrooms on the other floors have been cleaned and are now ready to use. &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【締める】しめてある。} & \seqsplit{その歌はもう聴いてある。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
It has been closed. (Someone left it closed) & That song has already been listened to. (And so let's hear the next one.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【壁】壁にポスターが【貼る】はってあります。} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
The poster has been stuck on the wall. (For everyone to read.) & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{予約がとってある子役様は【直接】ちょくせつにレストランに入れます。} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
Customers who have taken reservations can directly enter the restaurant. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(Nuance: Customers went out of their way to make reservations don't have to line up and can go straight inside the restaurant.) & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{NEGATIVE}} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Transitive：V-てない / ありません "X hasn't been (done yet)..."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}Particle は is common} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{【会議室】かいぎしつはまだ片付けてありません。}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{The meeting room hasn't been tidied up yet.  (So it's not ready for use yet.)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{いぬには【餌】えさがまだやってありません。}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{The dog hasn't been fed yet. (So, can you please feed it?)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{晩御飯はまだつくてない。}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Dinner hasn't been made yet.  (So can someone make it or do we eat out?)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PARTICLE COMPARISON:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{野菜が切ってない。} & \seqsplit{野菜を切ってない。} & \seqsplit{野菜は切ってない。} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V-てある "It's been done and now it's ready" (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(Nuance: I am supposed to cut all the ingredients and by mistake, I've missed the veggies.) & (Nuance: All the other ingredients have been cut and the next one to be cut is the veggies.) & (Nuance: All other ingredients have been cut but the veggies remain uncut on purpose because I don't know how.) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
= が is the subject marker and it points out 野菜 as something very specific. & = を indicates direct object and so indicates normal process of what you're doing. & = は to indicate contrast \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{*} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS：}} \newline 【直接】ちょくせつ：directly}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{おいてある vs ておく}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{おいてある }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ておく / とく}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Causative V させて + おく}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}おく + てある = Something has been put down and placed there & \{\{bt=2\}\}-To do something in advance; to avoid regret in the future & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Leave \seqsplit{someone/something} in its present state \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuance: Ex. Something has been put down and the state hasn't changed, the state remains there & -To do something in advance in preparation of something & -Leave \seqsplit{someone/something} to do... \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-が particle is used & -To maintain a certain situation as it is; & -Used on thos of lower social stature \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -To do an action and leave it as it is & ❌❌ DONTs: Cannot be used to someone superior than you as it will sound rude. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【席】せきがある。ああ、かばんが【置く】おいてある。} & \seqsplit{旅行前に、きっぷを買っておきました。} & \seqsplit{じろくんを【海岸】かいがんで寝させておいた。} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{おいてある vs ておく (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
There's a seat. Oh, somebody has put their bag there. (Bag has been placed) & Before traveling, I buy the ticket in advance. & I left Jiro to sleep on the bench. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{かばんが【置く】おいてあるから、誰かが座るよ。} & \seqsplit{試験の前に勉強をしておきました。} & \seqsplit{子供達をしばらく遊ばせておこう。} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The bag has been placed, so someone will sit here. & Before the exam, I studied in advance. & Let's leave the kids to play for a while. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{タオルが【置く】おいてある。タオル【置く】おいてくれたの？} & \seqsplit{ゆうがたまでへやのま度をあけておきました。} & \seqsplit{彼にお酒を飲ませておきたくない。} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
They put towels here. (Towels have been placed). & I let the window of the room open until late afternoon. & I don't want to leave him drinking. (Or he may drink and drive.) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{もう払ってある。} & \seqsplit{子供をソファーの上でねかせておきました。} & \seqsplit{君に全部掃除させておけないよ。} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{おいてある vs ておく (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
It's already been paid for. & I let the kid sleep on the sofa. & I can't leave you to clean everything, you know. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}