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% Document Info
\author{jennilee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (japanese-verb-forms.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jennilee)
  /Subject (Japanese Verb Forms Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Japanese Verb Forms Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/44358/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 6th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Magic Triplet}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Remember all verbs in these three common forms: (1) dictionary (plain nonpast) form; (2) -て (conjunctive) form; (3) -ない (negative plain past) form. For example, "go" is: \newline {\bf{行く / 行って / 行かない}} \newline All other conjugations are built from one of these three.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.32733 cm} x{2.7462 cm} p{0.50347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Present}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plain & Polite & \seqsplit{English} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{(dictionary} form) & {\bf{replace -{[}w{]}anai with -imasu, or -nai with -masu.}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
行く & 行かない ik{\bf{anai →}} ik{\bf{imasu}} 行きます & go \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
言う & 言わない i{\bf{wanai →}} ii{\bf{masu}} 言います & say \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
見る & 見ない mi{\bf{nai →}} mi{\bf{masu}} 見ます & see \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.05965 cm} x{2.05965 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Present Negative}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plain & Polite & \seqsplit{English} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
(ない form) & {\bf{replace -{[}w{]}anai with -imasen, or -nai with -masen.}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
replace -{[}w{]}anai with -imasen, or -nai with -masen. & 行かない ik{\bf{anai →}} ik{\bf{imasen}} 行きません & don't go \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
言わない & 言わない i{\bf{wanai →}} i{\bf{imasen}} 言いません & don't say \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
見ない & 見ない mi{\bf{nai  →}} mi{\bf{masen}} 見ません & don't see \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.01388 cm} x{2.10542 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Volitional (Let's/Shall)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plain & Polite & \seqsplit{English} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{replace -{[}わ{]}あない with -おう, or -ない with -よう}} & {\bf{replace -{[}わ{]}あない with -いましょう, or -ない with -ましょう}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
行かない ik{\bf{anai →}} ik{\bf{ou}} 行こう & 行かない ik{\bf{anai}} → ik{\bf{imashou}} \seqsplit{行きましょう} & went \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{言って → 言った} & 言わない i{\bf{wanai}} → i{\bf{mashita}} 言いました & said \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{見て → 見た} & 見ない mi{\bf{nai}} → mi{\bf{mashita}} 見ました & saw \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{0.91894 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Masu Stem (and its many uses)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Form the "masu stem" by simply removing ます from the polite nonpast form (or from the ない form, remove nai and change -{[}w{]}a to i). The result is called the masu stem (連用形 renyoukei), and has many uses.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Stem... {\bf{V-\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}ます\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}}} & \seqsplit{Usage/Meaning} & Example & English \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+たい & want to \textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{食べたい} & want to eat \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{行きたい} & want to go \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
+は しない & no way I will \textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{食べはしない} & no way I'll eat \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{行きはしない} & no way I'll go \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{+やすい} & easy to & \seqsplit{分かりやすい} & easy to \seqsplit{understand} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{+にくい} & hard to & \seqsplit{分かりにくい} & hard to \seqsplit{understand} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{+すぎる} & \textasciitilde{} too much & \seqsplit{食べすぎます} & eat too much \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{飲みすぎます} & drink too much \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{+ながら} & while \textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{歩きがなら} & while walking \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{仕事をしながら} & while working \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{0.91894 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Masu Stem (and its many uses) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
+に & in order to \textasciitilde{} & 食べに & in order to eat \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & 見に & in order to see \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{【始める】} or \seqsplit{出します} & to start doing \seqsplit{something;} Start to do \textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{やりはじめる} & to start doing \seqsplit{something} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{食べ出す} & to start eating \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{【続ける】} つづ ける & to \seqsplit{continue/keep} doing\textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{食べ続ける} & to keep eating \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{読み続ける} & to keep reading \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{【終わる】} おわる / \seqsplit{終わった} & to finish/to end doing \textasciitilde{} & \seqsplit{話し終わる} & to finish talking \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{探し終わる} & to finish looking (for \seqsplit{something)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{【間違える】まちがえる} & to make a mistake \seqsplit{(mis-verb;} ex. mis-read) & \seqsplit{見間違える} & misread \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{0.91894 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Masu Stem (and its many uses) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{読み間違える} & \seqsplit{misapprehend} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ \seqsplit{【心地】ここちがいい} & "It's \seqsplit{comfortable}..." \seqsplit{-Comfortable} or having a good feeling. & \seqsplit{この家は居心地がいい。} It's \seqsplit{comfortable} staying in this house. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{このベッドは寝心地がいい。} It's \seqsplit{comfortable} sleeping in this bed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{切る/切れる} & to do something \seqsplit{completely} to the end & \seqsplit{使い切る} & to use \seqsplit{completely} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{使い切らなきゃ} & have to to use \seqsplit{completely} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{売り切れてしまいました} & sold out \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{0.91894 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Masu Stem (and its many uses) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{切れない} & being too many or too much to finish or complete & \seqsplit{食べきれない} & can't finish (to eat) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{読み切れない} & can't finish (to read) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Potential (ability to do; can / can't do)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{The potential "Can" form of a verb expresses the ability to do the action the verb describes. ❗️❗️Note: Since the potential and passive forms of ichidan verbs both end in られる, it is becoming increasingly common to drop the ら in the potential form.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Plain & Potential & Passive \seqsplit{【受身形】} \seqsplit{うけみけい} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(る) verbs, {\bf{replace the る with られる.}} (same conjugation as passive) & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & たべる eat ➜ たべ{\bf{(ら)れる}} can eat & たべ{\bf{られる}} is eaten \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(う) verbs, {\bf{replace う to え, then add る. }} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 読む ➜ 読{\bf{める}} can read & よ{\bf{まれる}} is read \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 話す ➜ 話{\bf{せる}} can speak & はな{\bf{される}} is spoken \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Irregular }} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Potential (ability to do; can / can't do) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & する do ➜ {\bf{できる}} can do & {\bf{される}} is done \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & くる ➜ {\bf{こられる}} can come & {\bf{こられる}} (indicates a higher degree of politeness) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ある ➜ {\bf{ありえる}} can exist & {\bf{あられる}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69349 cm} x{1.23579 cm} x{1.64772 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive (Honorific)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{The passive form is used to speak from the speaker's perspective / to keep the subject "I". (He told me → I was told by him). It is also used to express your feelings (like you are a victim) towards someone/else's action (upset, happy, embarrassed, etc.) or you're trying to think from the victim's POV. ❗️❗️ Note: the passive form is often used to increase the level of politeness.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plain & Polite & Passive \seqsplit{【受身形】} \seqsplit{うけみけい} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(う) verbs, {\bf{replace the vowel in the last sound with the equivalent sound containing あ, then add れる.}} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 読む read ➜ \seqsplit{読みます} & ➜ 読まれる is read \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 話す speak ➜ \seqsplit{話せます} & はなす speak ➜ 話される is spoken \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(る) verbs, {\bf{replace the る with られる.}} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69349 cm} x{1.23579 cm} x{1.64772 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive (Honorific) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 食べる eat ➜ \seqsplit{食べます} & たべる eat ➜ \seqsplit{たべられる} is eaten \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 見る see ➜ 見ます & みる see ➜ 見られる is seen (passive), but みれる can see (potential) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Irregular}} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 来る ➜ 来ます & 来る ➜ 来られる (higher degree of politeness) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & する ➜ します & される politer than (ます form) ➜ \seqsplit{なさいます} (honorific form, politer still). \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.79363 cm} x{1.46195 cm} x{1.50372 cm} p{0.4177 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Suffix forms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Noun + & Usage/Meaning & Example & \seqsplit{English} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
+ \seqsplit{【無し】} なし & not exist; not present; without; missing\textasciitilde{} (same as ない) & 問題無し / 問題ない & No \seqsplit{problem} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{なしで} & "without something", where the particle で indicates the missing medium or thing & \seqsplit{貴方なしで生きていけない。} &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.05965 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TADOUSHI 他動詞 vs JIDOUSHI 自動詞}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ Transitive Verb: tadōshi 他動詞}} & \{\{bt=2\}\} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Intransitive Verb: jidōshi 自動詞}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}他 (other) + 動詞 (verb) & \{\{bt=2\}\} & \{\{bt=2\}\}自 (oneself) + 動詞 (verb) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Noun を (Verb) = A verb done to other things. &  & Noun が (Verb) = A verb done by itself. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
There is an agent and you are doing something to it &  & The agent conducts itself. The direct object in the transitive becomes the subject in an intransitive sentence. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
を is used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. &  & が  is used as an intransitive verb. Note that it (normally) cannot take a direct object \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
-To check if the verb is transitive, ask the question "what?". If you get an answer, the verb is transitive. (ex. watch what? eat what?) &  & -You get no sensible answer when you ask the question "what" because the verb can't take a direct object. (ex. laugh what?) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Transitive}} &  & {\bf{Intransitive}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.05965 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TADOUSHI 他動詞 vs JIDOUSHI 自動詞 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
する to do & ➜ & なる to become \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Ex. \seqsplit{部屋を綺麗にしました。I} cleaned the room. & \{\{ar\}\} & Ex. \seqsplit{部屋が綺麗になりました。The} room became clean. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(Lit. I did the room to be cleaned.) & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【育てる】そだてる} to raise kids & ➜ & \seqsplit{【育つ】そだつ} to be raised (eg. raised in the Philippines) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
始める to begin something & ➜ & 始まる something begins \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【動かす】うごかす} to move something & ➜ & \seqsplit{【動く】うごく} something moves (eg. a cat) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【続ける】つづける} to continue something & ➜ & \seqsplit{【続く】つづく} something continues \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【殺す】ころす} to kill & ➜ & \seqsplit{【死ぬ】しぬ} to die \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【開ける】あける} to open & ➜ & \seqsplit{【開く】あくopened} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【集める】あつめる} to gather & ➜ & \seqsplit{【集まる】あつまる} gather \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【入れる】いれる} to insert; put in & ➜ & \seqsplit{【入いる】はいる} to enter \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【起こす】おこす} to wake someone up & ➜ & \seqsplit{【起きる】おきる} to wake up (by yourself) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.05965 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TADOUSHI 他動詞 vs JIDOUSHI 自動詞 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
止める to stop something & ➜ & 止まる something stops \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【消す】けす} to erase & ➜ & \seqsplit{【消える】けえる} to disappear \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【落とす】おとす} to drop something & ➜ & \seqsplit{【落ちる】おちる} something drops \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
【生む】 うむ to give birth & ➜ & \seqsplit{【生まれる】} うまれる to be born \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
あげる to raise something & ➜ & 上がる something rises \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
下げる to lower something & ➜ & 下がる something lowers \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
付ける to turn on something & ➜ & 付く something turns on \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
閉める to close something & ➜ & 閉まる something closes \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
出す to take out something (eg. wallet) & ➜ & 出る to come out (eg. from machine) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【飛ばす】とばす} to fly something (eg. an airplane) & ➜ & \seqsplit{【飛ぶ】とぶ} to fly (eg. bird) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【壊す】こわす} to destroy something & ➜ & \seqsplit{【壊れる】こわれる} to be destroyed (out of order) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.05965 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TADOUSHI 他動詞 vs JIDOUSHI 自動詞 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【直す】なおす} to fix something & ➜ & \seqsplit{【直る】なおる} to be fixed \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
変える to change (eg. my life) & ➜ & 変わる to change (eg. my eye color changes) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【建てる】たてる} to build & ➜ & \seqsplit{【建つ】たつ} to be built \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{❗️❗️Note: Verbs that are BOTH TRANSITIVE}} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
決める to decide something & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
Active: I need to decide on the menu. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
決まる something is decided & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
Passive: The menu was to be decided by me. & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{*}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{IS TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE THE SAME AS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{No.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Transitive Verb}} & {\bf{Intransitive Verb}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-A verb that takes a direct object & -A verb that does not take a direct object \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Active Voice}} & {\bf{Passive Voice}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
The subject does the action of the verb & The subject is acted upon by the verb \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{コウイチさんはドアを開けました。}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Koichi opened the door.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Explanation:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-The verb is transitive because it's doing its action to the direct object. This sentence is also in the active voice because the subject (Koichi) is doing the action of the verb (opened).} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-コウイチさんは and ドアが are both the topic and subject of these sentences. They're both performing their verbs. They are both in the active voice.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{ドアは、コウイチさんに開けられました。}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The door was opened by Koichi.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Explanation:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-The verb is transitive because it's doing its action to the direct object. But the sentence is in the passive voice because of the special verb ender られました.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{"I made someone do something; I forced someone to do something; Let somebody do something"} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{All about the speaker's having a control over. In contrary, in causative form, what comes after the に particle is the person who was forced to do the action.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-に (particle indicates who did the action} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Formation: (Coercer-Gasugo) は (Doer-Victim) に (Causative Verb)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Plain & Causative &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{(う) verbs, {\bf{change to: あせる  }}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 買う ➜ 買わせる make someone buy &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 話す ➜ 話させる make someone talk &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 待つ ➜ 待たせる make someone wait &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 行く ➜ 行かせる make someone go &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{(る) verbs, {\bf{change to: させる}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 見る ➜ 見させる make soneone look &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 食べる ➜ \seqsplit{食べさせる} make someone eat &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Irregular}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & する   ➜ させる make someone go &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & くる  ➜ \seqsplit{こさせられる} make someone come &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{2 TYPES OF CAUSATIVE: }}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Action teller は/が Doer を/に \seqsplit{(Intransitive-Causative} V)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Action teller は/が Doer に \seqsplit{(Place/Object)} を \seqsplit{(Intransitive-Causative} V)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Action teller は/が Doer を/に Direct Object を \seqsplit{(Transitive-Causative} V)}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}"Make/let someone do it" & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Marking the place of where the action happens with を particle. & \{\{bt=2\}\}"To make/let someone do something)" \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Intransitive-Causative:} Does not take a direct object &  & \seqsplit{Intransitive-Causative:} Verb takes a direct object \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
に = Teller is letting the doer do it (willingly) & に = Doer & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
を = Teller is make the doer to do it (not willingly) & を = Place / Object & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
(を Particle: Unwilling) & \seqsplit{(私は)子供に道の右側を歩かせる。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【部長】ぶちょうを【大阪】おおさかへ【出張】しゅっちょうさせます。} & I make my child walk on the right side of the road. & \seqsplit{朝は忙しいですから、【娘】むすめに朝ごはんの【準備】じゅんびをテスだわせる。} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
The department manager makes Ms Lo go to Osaka on business trips. & \seqsplit{【部長】ぶちょうを【部下】ぶかを休ませました。} & I am busy in the morning so I make my daughter help prepare breakfast. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{私は【運転手】うんてんしゅを２時間待たせた。} & The manager made/let his staff rest. & \seqsplit{毎日子供たちに野菜を食べさせています。} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I made the driver wait for 2 hours. & \seqsplit{【部長】ぶちょうを【部下】ぶかに仕事を休ませました。} & I make my kids eat veggies everyday. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{僕は【妹】いもうとを泣かせた。} & The manager made/let his staff take time off from work. & \seqsplit{先生は【生徒】せいとにぃ雄に【意見】いけんを言わせました。} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
I made my younger sister cry. & \{\{ar\}\} & The teacher let the students freely say their opinion. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{父は兄にやりたいことをやらせます。} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(に Particle: Willing) & \{\{ar\}\} & Dad lets my brother do what he wants to do. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{【店長】てんちょうハミに休ませた。} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The store manager let Miku rest. & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{先生は子供達に【自由】じゆうに遊ばせた。} & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The teacher let the children play freely. & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-てあげる "I let somebody do something"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-てくれる "(Somebody) let me do something (and I appreciate that)"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-もらう "(Somebody) let me do something (because I asked them)"}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}(somebody) に V causative + てあげる & \{\{bt=2\}\}(somebody) が V causative + てくれた & \{\{bt=2\}\}(somebody) に V causative + \seqsplit{てもらった} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{-てあげる} is added when the speaker is doing something nice for somebody & -Somebody did something for me & -"Someone did me a favor and I'm grateful" \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-If てあげる is not added in the sentence, the nuance is you are forcing somebody to do something & -When you want to say somebody did something for ME, てくれる is used \seqsplit{(appreciation} form). が particle is used to emphasize who did the nice thing for ME. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{お父さんがゲームをつづけさせてくれた。} My dad let me continue the game. & \seqsplit{お母さんがケーキを食べさせてくれた。} Mom let me eat the cake. & \seqsplit{【両親】りょうしんに一人で日本に行かせてもらった。	} My parents let me go to Japan on my own. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{【娘】むすめにジュースを飲ませてあげた。} I let my daughter drink juice. & VS & \seqsplit{友達のうちに止まらせてもらった。My} friend let me stay at her house (because I asked her). \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{お母さんがケーキを食べてくれた。} Mom ate the cake for me.  (If you are not going to conjugate the verb into a causative form, it will change the meaning to "My mom ate the cake, not me. But I still felt grateful.) & (You don't really add 友達に at the first part bc it's too much) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative form -させる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{V causative + てくれなかった: "COULD YOU LET ME DO SOMETHING?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{(somebody) が (V causative) + \seqsplit{V-てもらってもいい}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Note: You can use V-て form + もらってもいい when asking permission to shorten it} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{(Object) を + V-Causative てもらってもいい (Set phrase)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{使わせてもらいませんか。} / \seqsplit{使わせてもらってもいいですか。} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Could you let me use it? & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative-Passive -させる + られる}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{"Forced to do something; made to do something; somebody made me do something"} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Formation: Causative-Passive させられた} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{-One is forced to do something and the speaker is the victim} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{❌❌DONTs: Cannot omit particle に} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{❗️❗️Note: If somebody is letting you do something, you can't use passive-causative form. You have to use the causative form instead.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuance: If you're only the speaker saying on behalf of the victim, you are taking on the subject/victim's side or talking from his/her perspective. You are kind of upset that she was forced to do something by someone.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Plain & Causative-Passive &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(う) verbs, {\bf{change to: あせられる / あされる (casual) }} & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
(The shorter version is not used with G2 verbs / す ending V) & \{\{ar\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 行く ➜ 行かせられる forced someone to go &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ➜    行かされる (casual) &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 買う ➜ 買わせられる forced someone to buy &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative-Passive -させる + られる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ➜ 買わされる (casual) &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 話す ➜ 話させられる forced someone to talk &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{(る) verbs, {\bf{change to: させらせる}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 見る ➜ させられる force someone to look &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Irregular}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & する  ➜ させられる force someone to do &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & くる  ➜  こさせる force someone to come &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{(Coercer) は (Doer) に +(Causative-Passive Verb) "Force someone to do something" }}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{妹は母に魚を食べさせられました。}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{My sister was made to eat fish by my mom.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{みさはみんなにピカチュウの写真を見された。}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Misa made everyone look at the photo of Pikachu.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{みさが歌うのを聞かされた。/} \seqsplit{みさが歌うのを聞かせられた。}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{I was made to listen to Misa singing.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{子供に【宿題】しゅくだいをつづけさせられた。}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{I made my child continue to do his homework.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{漢字を覚えるまでその漢字を書かせられました。} / \seqsplit{漢字を書かされました。}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causative-Passive -させる + られる (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{I was made to write Kanji until I memorised it.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{あやしえールスマンに【壺】つぼを買わせられた。/}  買わされた。} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Suspicious salesman made me buy a vase.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{てある vs ている vs ておく}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Intransitive\textgreater{} + ている "V-ing"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Transitive\textgreater{} + V-てある "It has been…"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{V-ておく / とく "in advance"}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\} Indicates continuing action or state & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Indicates continuing state of completeness (for a purpose) & \{\{bt=2\}\}-To do something in advance; to avoid regret in the future or in preparation of something \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Focuses on the action and the result; not the person who did the action. & -We don't have to specify who did the action, the important thing is the result; what remains after the action. & -To do an action and leave it as it is \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-Focuses on the person's ACTION and the result; not the person who did the action. & -Focuses on SOMEBODY who did the action and left it that way. Current state. Sounds like somebody is INVOLVED in completing the action and focuses on the current state. & -To do an action and leave it as it is or to maintain a certain situation as it is \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{てある vs ている vs ておく (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-を particle is used but can be replaced with は if you wish to highlight the topic & -が particle is used & -Focuses on the future (in advance) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{パソコンが【壊れる】こわれている。My} computer is broken. & \seqsplit{【締める】しめてある。} It has been closed. (Someone left it closed) & \seqsplit{旅行前に、きっぷを買っておきました。}  Before traveling, I buy the ticket in advance. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{VS.}} & \seqsplit{電気が【消す】けしてある。} I turned off the lights (and it's staying that way.) & \seqsplit{試験の前に勉強をしておきました。} Before the exam, I studied in advance. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{パソコンが壊れる】こわしてある。It} has been broken (sounds like someone broke it on purpose and now it's broken) & \seqsplit{もう払ってある。} It's already been paid for. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{てある vs ている vs ておく (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{border=1\}\}❗️❗️Note: V-てある is usually used with the verb 【置く】 おく(to put into place) & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Request (て form): V-て おいて / といて "Do this (in advance)"}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{【席】せきがある。ああ、かばんが【置く】おいてある。} There's a seat. Oh, somebody has put their bag there. (Bag has been placed) & \seqsplit{ほうっといて！} / \seqsplit{ほうておいてよ！} Leave me alone! \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{かばんが【置く】おいてあるから、誰かが座るよ。} The bag has been placed, so someone will sit here. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{てある vs ている vs ておく (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{タオルが【置く】おいてある。タオル【置く】おいてくれたの？} They put towels here. (Towels have been placed). & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOCABS:}} \newline  \newline 【放る】ほうる : to neglect; to abandon; to leave alone;  \newline to give up on; to leave undone; to leave unfinished \newline 【放って】ほうって + おく = 	to leave alone; to leave as is;  \newline to ignore; to neglect}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(を) Transitive + いる }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(が) Intransitive + いる }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(が) Transitive + てある}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}-I currently am doing something to the object. & \{\{bt=2\}\}-Indicates the continuing action or state & \{\{bt=2\}\}-\{\{bt=2\}\}-Someone or yourself has done something or was involved in completing the action and the result or state remains. Focuses on SOMEBODY who did the action and left it that way \seqsplit{(intentionally} or with a purpose). Current state. (Eg. When you do not know who open the door, you use transitive sentence) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 25)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Present Progressive. Focuses on the person's ACTIONS & \{\{ar\}\} & -The object is the subject. Thus the use of が particle. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-For present progressive tense, you always use the transitive verb & -For intransitive verb, you always use ている &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transitive: 開ける & \seqsplit{intransitive:} 開く & transitive: 開ける \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{ドアを開けている。I'm} opening the door (right now). & \seqsplit{ドアが開いている。The} door is open. & \seqsplit{ドアが開けてある。It} has been opened. (Someone opened it and it's staying open) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nuance: This doesn't focus on anyone. You are just stating that the door is open. You don't know who opened it and it doesn't matter in this situation. & Nuance: If you want to make it sound like SOMEBODY left it open and you want to imply that it was done \seqsplit{intentionally}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{暑いから【窓】まどを開けた。Because} it's hot, I opened the window. & \{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{暑いから【窓】が開けてある。Because} it's hot, I left the window open. / Because it's hot, the window is open \seqsplit{(intentionally)}. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuance: It still makes sense but it focuses in the past, not the current state of the window being opened (it could be that the window is now closed). & \{\{ar\}\} & Nuance: It describe the action of me opening it but also the result of it staying that way because I chose to. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transitive: 閉める & \seqsplit{intransitive:} 閉まる & transitive: 閉める \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{閉めている。} I'm closing it (right now). (Present Progressive) & \seqsplit{閉まっている。} It's closed. (Focuses on the THING itself rather than who  closed it) & \seqsplit{閉めてある。} It has been closed (Someone left it closed and it's staying that way) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{閉まって！Please} close! (It sounds like you are talking to the door. You sound like you are not asking somebody to close it but you are asking the DOOR itself because this grammar form focuses on the THING) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{お店が閉まっている。It's} closed. (Focuses on the THING itself rather than who  closed it) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transitive: 付ける & \seqsplit{intransitive:} 付く & transitive: 付ける \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電気をつける。I} turn on the light. & \seqsplit{電気がつく。The} lights turned on. & \seqsplit{電気がつけてあります。The} light is turned on. (Somebody turned it on and it's still on) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{電気をつけた。I} turned on the light. & \seqsplit{電気がついている。The} light is on. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transitiave: \seqsplit{【消す】けす} & \seqsplit{intransitive:} \seqsplit{【消える】きえる} & transitive: \seqsplit{【消す】けす} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電気を消す。I} turn off the light. & \seqsplit{電気が消える。The} light turns off. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{電気が消えている。The} light is off. & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (If you want to say that the light is off without implying that somebody turned it off and left it that way. You just want to state the fact that it is off.) & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電気が消した。I} turned off the light. (It could even mean that I turned off the lights but now it's back on) & \seqsplit{電気が消したのに、また付いてる。} Even though I turned off the light, it's on again. & \seqsplit{電気が消してある。The} light is turned off (and it's still is) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuance: It does not really show the current state. & \{\{ar\}\} & Nuance: Shows the current state. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transitive: \seqsplit{【壊す】こわす} & \seqsplit{intransitive:} \seqsplit{【壊れる】こわれる} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(が) Intransitive + いる vs ある (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{壊れている。It's} broken. & \seqsplit{壊してある。It} has been broken. (Somebody broke it on purpose and now it's broken.) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Keigo}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Respectful / Honorific Expressions)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{【尊敬語】そんけいご：Honorific}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{【謙譲語】けんじょうご：Humble}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{【丁寧語】ていねいご：} Polite} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\seqsplit{【尊敬語】そんけいご：Honorific}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used when we are talking to or referring to someone who is superior to us. Ex. Boss, elders, clients, teachers, customers. Can be heard in business or formal situations.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
First Level：Using Passive Form & V-\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}ます\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}になります \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -More respectful pattern than the passive form \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used with 1 mora-verb and Group 3 verbs. Instead, we use special verbs. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{社長はもう帰られました。} The president already went home. & \seqsplit{新しいiPadをお買いになりますか。} Will you be buying the new iPad? \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{お酒をやめられたんですか？} Have you given up drinking? & \seqsplit{パソコンを使いになりますか。} Will you be using the computer? \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{中村さんは７時に来られます。} Mr. Nakamura is coming at seven. & \seqsplit{さといさんがスケジュールをおつかりになりますか。} Did Ms. Satoi make the schedule? \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{部長は来週シンガポールへ【出張】しゅっちょうされました。} The department head will go on a business trip to Singapore next week. & \seqsplit{会議の予定はいつも部長がお決めになります。} The plan for the meeting is always decided by the department head. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Respectful Verbs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(Subject) は (Special Respectful Verb)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Come, go} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Be} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Eat, drink} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sleep} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Say} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Watch} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Wear} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Do} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Know} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To receive} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Affirmative} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{どちらへ旅行にいらしゃいますか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where are you going for your trip?} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{お子供がいらしゃいますか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Do you have any children?} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{【店内】てんないで召し上がりますか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Will you be eating here?} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{ご【主人】しゅじんお名前はなんとおっしゃいますか。}.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What is your husband's name?} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{社長は忘年会【忘年会】ぼうねんかいが来週になった事を【故存】ごぞんじですか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does the president know the year-end party was moved next week?} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{どのぐらい日本語を勉強なさいますか。}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How long did you study Japanese?} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{お /ご + Noun、Adj、Adv (Respectful form)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{お　＝ attached to Japanese origin}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ご ＝ attached to Chinese origin}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}Nouns: \seqsplit{お国、名前、お仕事、お水、お茶、お金、お酒} & \{\{bt=2\}\}Nouns: \seqsplit{ご家族、ご【意見】いけん} \seqsplit{(opinion)、ご旅行、ご注文、ご【注意】ちゅうい} \seqsplit{(caution)、ご【案内】あんあい} (guide)、ご両親 \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adj: \seqsplit{お元気、お上手、お【暇】ひま、お忙しい、お【若い】わかい} & Adj: \seqsplit{ご【熱心】ねっしん} \seqsplit{(earnest)、ご【新設】しんせつ} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Adv: \seqsplit{ご自由に、ごゆっくり} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}