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\author{jennilee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (because-japanese-grammar-differences.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jennilee)
  /Subject ("Because" Japanese Grammar Differences Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{"Because" Japanese Grammar Differences Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jennilee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202026/cs/42918/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jennilee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jennilee} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 12th September, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{から、ので、し for Cause or Reason}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{から "Because" (SUBJECTIVE)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{ので "Therefore" (OBJECTIVE)}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{し for multiple reasons}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\{\{bt=2\}\}　　 1️⃣  　There's only one reason  　2️⃣  　Has a nuance of putting a blame or justify your action because of something   　3️⃣  　Used for sequential events  　4️⃣  　Used for volition, requests　  5️⃣  　Used for states & \{\{bt=2\}\}  　1️⃣  　A cause and effect (a thing that makes something happen)  　2️⃣ 　 Feeling is neutral; Objectively presents a cause and effect relationship as a natural course of events   　3️⃣  　Used in written and spoken language   　4️⃣   　Softens the tone which is why it is often used to express a reason gently, to ask for permission or to make an excuse.  　5️⃣  　ので is used to connect phrases to which indicates that there is a willful action. It is your own decision to do it. & \{\{bt=2\}\}  　1️⃣ 　 Gives a nuance that there's more reason because the one reason provided   \seqsplit{　2️⃣　}  We want to suggest something but we don't want to sound so opinionated. 　 3️⃣ 　 Sounds gentle   　4️⃣  　We want to simply tell that it's not the only reason why  　5️⃣ 　 Simply list multiple reasons and lead to a conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 41)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{から、ので、し for Cause or Reason (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{DONT's:}} Cannot be used for potential form. て form is used instead & {\bf{DONT's:}}  Cannot be used to reply to a question. から is used instead. Not used to express order or prohibition & {\bf{DONT's:}}  Cannot use し when answering a question. You should use から instead. Unless you are listing multiple answers. You have to end the sentence with \seqsplit{から/ですから} though. それに is used often. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{電車がおくれたから、まにあいませんでした。} I didn't make it in time because the train was late. (The speaker is blaming the train and is suggesting that it is not her fault.) & \seqsplit{すみません。今日は仕事があるので、やめておきます。} Sorry. I will pass because I have some work to do. & \seqsplit{今日は仕事もあるし、【辞めとく】やめておく。}  I will pass because I have some work to do. (There's more reasons why she will pass; not only she has work to do) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 15)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{から、ので、し for Cause or Reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.1 S2 expresses order or prohibition}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.1 A cause and effect}} & . \tn 
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\seqsplit{⭕️【危ない】あぶないから、【機会】きかいに【触る】さわるな。Don't} touch the machine because it's dangerous. & \seqsplit{タイに２年住んでいたので、タイ語が少し話せます。} I live in Thailand for two years, that's why I can speak Thai. & . \tn 
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\seqsplit{❌【危ない】あぶないので、【機会】きかいに【触る】さわるな。Don't} touch the machine because it's dangerous. & \{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.2 Softens the tone (used to reason gently, ask permission, make an excuse)}} & . \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
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\{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{気分が悪いので、【早退】そうたいしてもいいですか。} I'm not feeling well so can I leave early? & . \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{から、ので、し for Cause or Reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{ar\}\} & \seqsplit{【用事】ようじがありますので、お先に失礼します。} I have something to do. Pardon me for leaving first. & . \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{から		vs  	ので		vs  	し}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}reason\textgreater{} から、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}reason\textgreater{} ので / し、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} \tn 
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It is \textless{}result\textgreater{} because \textless{}reason\textgreater{} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}A. \seqsplit{【疲れた】つかれたの}? & \{\{bt=2\}\}A. \seqsplit{【疲れた】つかれたの}? \tn 
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⭕️B. \seqsplit{昨日、夜１０時まで仕事をしていましたから。Because} yesterday I was working until 11pm. & ❌B. \seqsplit{昨日、夜１０時まで仕事をしていましたし。} \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} & ❌B. \seqsplit{昨日、夜１０時まで仕事をしていましたので。} \tn 
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★★Note: から can be used to give a reason in reply to a question.* & ★★Note: \textless{}reason\textgreater{} ので and し can't be used to answer question. から shall be used. Unless you are listing multiple answers, し can be used but you have to end the sentence with \seqsplit{から/ですから.*} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Verb/Adj \seqsplit{て-form/なくて} for Cause or Reason}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{(NOUN) で for Cause or Reason}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{Reason\textgreater{} たら、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}て form of Verbs or Adjectives as the cause or reason that produces a consequence.  　1️⃣ 　If the Result or Sentence 2 is a verb or an adjective that expresses feeling, or　 2️⃣　 if it's a potential verb or　 3️⃣ 　a verb to express a state, then the cause or reason sentence will have to change to te-form (て-form). & \{\{bt=2\}\}"Because of (natural phenomena, happenings, events)..." & \{\{bt=2\}\}　1️⃣　Used for unexpected occurrence \seqsplit{　2️⃣　Result} is not something that you are expecting / accidental \seqsplit{(intransitive)} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 27)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{DONT's}} 1. S2 must NOT contain volition (will, orders, invitation, request) & The "Noun" that is often used with this particle de (で) as a cause is a noun which indicates a particular kind of event. These events are mostly natural phenomena, disasters, happenings, events, etc. 🛑Ex. 事故 (jiko - \seqsplit{accident)、火事} (kaji - \seqsplit{fire)、病気} (byouki - sickness) & \seqsplit{このスイッチを押したら、電気がついた。} I pushed this button then the light turned on.  \seqsplit{Intransitive:} Did not know that turning the button will turn the light on. The result was not something that you are expecting. \tn 
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\seqsplit{❌【危ない】あぶななくて【機械】きかいに触る】さわらないでください。} It is dangerous, so please do not touch the machine. & {\bf{DONT's}}  1. Sentence predicate must NOT contain volition (will, orders, invitation, request) & . \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 12)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{⭕️【危ない】あぶないですから、【機械】きかいに触る】さわらないでください。} It is dangerous, so please do not touch the machine. & ❌病気 \seqsplit{で、明日会社を休みたいです。} Because of illness, I want tot take a day off tomorrow. & . \tn 
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{\bf{DONT's}} 2. S2 should not come first. It should be a sequential event. & ⭕️病気 \seqsplit{ですから、明日会社を休みたいです。} Because of illness, I want tot take a day off tomorrow. & . \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
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\seqsplit{❌明日【会議】かいぎがあって、今日【準備】じゅんびしなければなりません。} The meeting will be held tomorrow so we have to make preparations for the day. & \seqsplit{【火事】かじで家が【焼く】やけました。Because} of fire, the house was burned down. & . \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 15)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{⭕️明日【会議】かいぎがありますから、今日【準備】じゅんびしなければなりません。} The meeting will be held tomorrow so we have to make preparations for the day. & \seqsplit{【地震】じしんで、ビルが【倒れる】たおれました。Because} of the earthquake, a building collapsed. & . \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.1 Verbs and Adjectives that express Feelings such as:  \seqsplit{びっくりする、}  \seqsplit{【安心】あんしんする、} \seqsplit{【困る】こまる} (to be worried/ troubled)、【寂しい】さびしい、【嬉しい】うれしい、【残念】ざんねんだ。}} & \seqsplit{【台風】たいふうで、【新幹線】しんかんせんが止まれました。Because} of the typhoon, bullet trains have stopped. & . \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 21)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{質問に答えられなくて、恥ずかしかったです。} I was embarrassed because I couldn't answer the question. & \{\{border=1\}\}*1.1 Negative potential verb (not a volition) & . \tn 
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\seqsplit{友達が会えなくて寂しいです。I'm} sad because I can't meet my friends. & 病気 \seqsplit{で、旅行に行けませんでした。} Because of illness, I want tot take a day off tomorrow. & . \tn 
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.2 Potential Verbs that express states which do not contain volition }} & \{\{ar\}\}\{\{border=1\}\}*1.2 A \seqsplit{situation/happening} from the past & . \tn 
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\seqsplit{月曜日は【都合】つごうが悪くて、【会議】かいぎに【出席】しゅっせできません。} I am not able to attend the meeting because I am not free on Monday. & 病気 \seqsplit{で、会社を休みました。} Because of illness, I want tot take a day off tomorrow. & . \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 16)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て form、 たら、 で for cause and reason (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\emph{1.3 Situations in the Past : Events that happened in the past can also be used in Sentence 2...}} & \{\{ar\}\} & . \tn 
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\seqsplit{【事故】じこがあって、電車が遅れてしまいました。} The train was delayed due to the accident. & \{\{ar\}\} & . \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て-form vs から / ので}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Reason\textgreater{} て、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Reason\textgreater{} から / ので、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}\textless{}reason\textgreater{} て cannot take volition, sequential events and use potential verbs. Therefore, から / ので shall be used. & \{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{ar\}\} \tn 
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\seqsplit{❌田中先生には本当にお世話になって、プレゼントを【用意しました】よういしました。} & \seqsplit{⭕️田中先生には本当にお世話になったので、プレゼントを用意しました。} Tanaka sensei helped me a lot so I prepared a gift for him today. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
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\{\{ar\}\} & {\emph{Note: Preparing a present is a willful act. It is your own decision to do it so から / ので must be used. }} \tn 
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{\emph{*}} & {\emph{*}} \tn 
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\seqsplit{❌天気が悪くて、【富士山】ふじさんが見えません。} & \seqsplit{⭕️天気が悪いから、【富士山】ふじさんが見えません。}  Mount Fuji cannot be seen because the weather is bad. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て-form vs から / ので (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\emph{Note: 見えません is a potential verb. Therefore, て for cannot be used. }} \tn 
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\seqsplit{❌明日試験があって、今日【準備】じゅんびしなければなりません。} & \seqsplit{⭕️明日試験があるから、今日【準備】じゅんびしなければなりません。} There is a test tomorrow, so I have to prepare for it today. \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} & {\emph{Note: Sentence 1 and Sentence 2 are sequential events. In other words, Sentence 1 takes place first and Sentence 2 takes place after that.}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{て-form vs たら}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Reason\textgreater{} て、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Reason\textgreater{} たら、\textless{}result\textgreater{} }} \tn 
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\{\{bt=2\}\}Used if you already expected or knew what will happen & \{\{bt=2\}\}　1️⃣　Used for unexpected \seqsplit{occurrence　2️⃣　Result} is not something that you are expecting / accidental (intransitive) \tn 
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\seqsplit{このスイッチを押して、電気がつけた。} I pushed this button and turned the light on. & \seqsplit{このスイッチを押したら、電気がついた。} I pushed this button then the light turned on. \tn 
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{\emph{Transitive: You already know that pushing the button will turn the light on. }} & {\emph{Intransitive: Did not know that turning the button will turn the light on. The result was not something that you are expecting. }} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\emph{*}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\textless{}Verb、い/な Adj\textgreater{} のは \textless{}reason\textgreater{} からです}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{のに as "But"}} & \{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{のに "Even if;"}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=2\}\}"The reason why (verb) is because (reason)" & \{\{bt=2\}\} "But" "in spite of" "despite" "although" "even though" & \{\{bt=2\}\}のに:  \seqsplit{　1️⃣　Cannot} be used in something hypothetical "What ifs" "Even if" \seqsplit{　2️⃣　　のに} can be used at the end of the sentence \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{コーヒーメーカーを買ったのは、朝にカフェに行く時間がないからです。} The reason I bought a coffee machine is because I don't have time to go to the cafe in the morning. & -Used when frustrated; surprised (but usually used when annoyed; bad feeling) (Despite the fact that I did this, the result is not what I wanted and I'm frustrated) & \seqsplit{❌今こくはく【告白】するのに、うまく行かないよ。} Even if I confess my love to her now, it will not go well. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\emph{*}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Instead of}}: \seqsplit{ピカチュウは可愛いから、好き。} I like Pikachu because he is cute. & \seqsplit{明日はけっこんしきなのに、たいふうがくるって。} The wedding is tomorrow but it says a typhoon is coming. & \seqsplit{早起【はやお】きしたのに。Even} though I woke up early... (It got cancelled). \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{のは}} : \seqsplit{ピカチュウが好きなのは可愛いからです。The} reason why I like Pikachu is because it's cute. & \{\{ar\}\} & \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\textless{}Verb\textgreater{} のは \textless{}reason\textgreater{} からです}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{"The reason why (verb) is because (reason)"}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-The word "reason" can be replaced with の (the shorthand version of the word for the generic "something" こと) because it is obvious from the context you are giving a reason so we don't need to explicitly use that word.  \newline {\bf{の = acts like the reason why; }} \newline {\bf{は = topic particle;}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}