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\author{jaydevine\_23}
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  /Title (pathophysiology-ch-36.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jaydevine\_23)
  /Subject (Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jaydevine\_23} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jaydevine\_23 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jaydevine-23} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 31st July, 2024.\\
   Updated 31st July, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dysphagia Type 1} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dysphagia Type 2} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dysphagia Type 3} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.58478 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.21133 cm} x{1.21133 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Esophageal Pain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Heartburn/Pyrosis} & caused by a reflux of the gastric fluids & a substernal burning sensation that radiates up to the neck & the acid irritates the esophageal mucosa and can also cause spasm of the throat muscles \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Chest pain & esophageal distention \seqsplit{(enlarging)} or powerful muscle \seqsplit{contractions} & pain radiates to neck, jaw, shoulder and arm (similar to angina pectoris) and \seqsplit{odynophagia} & esophageal \seqsplit{obstruction} ir diffuse esophageal spasm where there is a high magnitude spasm between normal \seqsplit{peristalsis} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{infection} chest pain & infections in the esophagus in \seqsplit{immunocompromised} \seqsplit{individuals} & dull, aching chest pain & can worsen heartburn and regular chest pain \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64078 cm} x{1.96811 cm} x{1.96811 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abdominal pain: first sign of GI tract disroder}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{visceral} pain & due to stretching or inflammation & diffuse, poorly localized pain which can be knawing, burning or cramping \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{somatic} pain & injury to abdominal pain, parietal peritoneum, mesentery or diaphragm & sharp intense pain at the area of injury, well localized \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{referred} pain & pain in the same neurosegment felt in other part & sharp well localized pain that may be felt deep and at a location away from the injury \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
acute & instantaneous onset &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{chronic} & gradual onset &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{usually accompanied by other signs/symptoms such as vomiting/emesis or bowel alteration}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diarrhea}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
acute diarrhea & due to acute infection, emotional stress, leakage of liquid stool around impacted stool \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
chronic & symptoms last longer than 4 weeks, due to chronic GI tract infection, alterations in motility or integrity, malabsorption, endocrine disorders \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
episodic diarrhea & probably related to food allergy or ingestion of irritants such as caffeine \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
osmotic & increased amount of poorly soluble nutrient intake such as carbs which pull water into the bowel lumen \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
secretory & caused by toxins that stimulate intestinal fluid secretion and lower absorption, \textasciitilde{} 1L of diarrhea \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
exudative (mucus, blood or protein) & blood, protein and mucus getting into the bowel lumen from the site of inflammation \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diarrhea (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
motility distrubances & decreased time and contact of chyme with the absorptive enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{increase in fluidity and frequency of the stool, may be very liquidy}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders of the mouth}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stomatitis & ulcerative inflammation of the mouth oral mucosa \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
causes: & viral or bacterial infections, mechanical trauma, irritant exposure (alcohol/tabacco), medication, radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders and nutrient deficiency \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
most common type: herpetic gingivostomatitis & HSV acquired most by children which causes tingling and itching and leave behind painful ulcers that have ruptures and HSV stays dormant in the dorsal ganglia reactivating years later \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatement: & antiviral/biotics for infections, topical or systemic steroids for autoimmune causes, general treatment in oral hygiene and topical barriers or steroids \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hiatal hernia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity through the diaphragm & - \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
risk increases with age, women more than men & - \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2 types: siding hernia (most common), paraesophageal hernia or mixed & sliding herniais when a portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction move up the diaphragm \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & paraesophageal hernia is when the greater curvature of the stomach pushes up \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factor & anything that increase intraabdominal pressure such as pregnancy, obesity and chronic straining or coughing \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & similar to GERD with surgery fro acute manifestations \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{life threatning in a large proion of the stomach becomes incarcerated which is rare} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GERD}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pathoegenesis & any agent that alters the strength of the LES or increases intraabdominal pressure \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
risk factor & ingesting fatty foods, smoking, alcohol, pregnancy, caffeine, anatomical features such as a hiatal hernia \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifests: attributed to esophagitis (inflammation) & heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & increase LES strength, esophageal clearance, imprvoe gastric emptying, suppress acidity, avoid dietary risk factors \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment (cont.) & antacids, histamine blockers (sporadic GERDS), proton pump inhibitors have been known to reverse changes from chronic GERD, surgical intervention \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Barrett esophagus}} & complication of GERDS where the epithelium of the esophagus changes to another \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GERD (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
leads to a higher risk of cancer & progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{LES: lower esophageal sphincter \newline GERDS: backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{peptic ulcer disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & disorder of the upper GI tract caused by acids and pepsin which causes injury to the mucosa of the throat, stomach or duodenum \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- & an increase in the factors that cause ulcers than those that do not \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cause & NSAIDS, smoking, genetics, h. pyelori which is crucial to the formation of ulcers and thrives in acidic conditions \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
H. pyelori & lowers healing and has a high rate of recurrence \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
gastric cause & breakdown of the mucosal barrier that usually prevents the acid from diffusing to the rest of the body (aspirin, NSAIDS, alcohol and bile) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
duodenal cause & excess acid secretion and increased activity of the vagus nerve which stimultes the cells to release gastrin which targets cells to release HCl leading to high HCl \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifests & epigastric burning pain relived by food or dairy or antacids | life threatening complication such as GI bleeding \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{peptic ulcer disease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
diagnosis & Upper GI barium contrast radiography, endoscopy to visualize ulcers, testing for h. pyelori \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & encourage healing of mucosa by reducing acid, prevent recurrence, h. pyelori antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate which forms a protective barrier, no smoking, reduce stress \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ulcerative colitis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etio & chronic inflammation of rectal and colon mucus, large ulcers forming \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest and comlication & increased risk of cancer after 7 - 10 years, exacebations and remission, bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & corticosteroid, broad spectrum antibiotics, salicylate analog, immunomodulating drugs, IV followed by oral cyclosporine for refractory \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{inflammation - abscess formation - abscesses begin to combine - large ulcers form}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colon cancer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factor & age 40+, high fiber and fat diet, polyps, chronic \seqsplit{irritation/inflammation}, hereditary \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
diagnosis & recommend colonoscopy every 10 years after reaching risk age \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
familial adenomatous polypsis: & where three or more family members have colorectal cancer, two generations of colorectal cancer or one or more cases of colorectal cancer before age 50 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest based on location & right: tarry, black stool | left side: intermittent cramping with stringy stool with mucus or blood | rectum: change in bowel habits, urgent need to defecate upon waking, rectal fullness, alternating \seqsplit{diarrhea/constipation}, rectal ache \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 12)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
prognosis & the earlier the prognosis the better, based on tumor size, location, invasion, if it metastasized, and uses the TMN classification \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colon cancer (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & colostomy (opening colon via abdomen), surgical removal, chemo or radiation \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{second only to lung cancer in the US}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intestinal obstruction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
partial or complete blockage of \seqsplit{samll/large} bowel & \seqsplit{mechanical:} tumors, hernia, volvolus & \seqsplit{functional:} \seqsplit{inhibition} of \seqsplit{peristalsis} & ogilvie: recurrent bout of ileus \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & increase bowel sound, pain, nausea, vomit & absence of bowel sounds & upper jejunal area: vomit, \seqsplit{dehydration} and \seqsplit{electrolyte} depletion \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factors & surgery for adhesions & \seqsplit{congenital} \seqsplit{abnormalities} of the bowel & \seqsplit{metastatic} cancer esp from female \seqsplit{reproductive} or \seqsplit{intestinal} tract \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & remove \seqsplit{mechanical} block & surgical \seqsplit{intervention} or \seqsplit{decompression} with tube & \seqsplit{fluid/electrolyte} \seqsplit{replacement} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
other info & if left untreated can lead to \seqsplit{perforation/ischemia}, and necrosis & necrosis leads to bowel gangrene, sepsis and \seqsplit{peritonitis} & fluid, gas, water, \seqsplit{electrolyte} \seqsplit{accumulate} in bowel \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intestinal gas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
altered motility or lack of digestive enzyme & caused by swallowing air, normal bacterial/enzyme activity, or neutralization of bicarb in the upper GI \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
belching & normal expelling of swallowed air \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
abdominal distention & failure to digest nutrients or defect in intestinal motility \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
excessive flatus & bacterial digestion of certain foods that are gas causing (legumes, vegetables) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MOTILITY DISORDERS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
alternating diarrhea and constipation accompanied by cramping with no pathology of the GI tract & etiology also unclear \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & diarrhea, constipation, cramping, mucus in stool, nausea \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & antidiarrheal agents, antispasmodic agents, high fiber diet \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Volvulus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- twisting of the bowel itself resulting in bowel obstruction and blood vessel constriction \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- results from 180 twist, ingested foreign body, or adhesion and cannot always be determined \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- usually in cecum or sigmoid colon% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intussusception}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & telescoping of a portion of the bowel into adjacent portion resulting in obstruction (bowel pushes itself into the other.) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
risk factors & infants and males \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{treatment} & surgical \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intussusception}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722378857_1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Megacolon}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{$\filledsquare{}$ Congenital or acquired \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
$\filledsquare{}$ Massive dilation of colon \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
$\filledsquare{}$ Cause: prolonged constipation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
$\filledsquare{}$ Pseudomembranous colitis may result in acute megacolon: surgical emergency.% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hirschsprung Disease}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a congenital disease in which the autonomic ganglia are reduced or absent. more common in males than females and in children. Causes difficulty in passing of stool 48 hours after birth in children \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
$\filledsquare{}$ Clinical manifestations \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
   – Profuse diarrhea, hypovolemic shock, intestinal perforation \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
   – Stasis of stool and megacolon may occur. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
   – Fecal stagnation; enterocolitis with bacterial overgrowth \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
$\filledsquare{}$ Treatment \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
   – Colonic lavage, surgical intervention% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEOPLASM OF GI TRACT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Esophageal cancer: 1-2\% of all}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factor & men are more likely than women, genetic, diet high in nitrosamine, smoking, barrett esophagus, alcohol \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{prognosis/diagnosis} & poor prognosis, can quickly metastasize \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & stent placement, tumor ablation/removal via heat and laser, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{small intestinal neoplasms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
benign or malignant, accounts for less than 5 \% & - \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & depends on the type and extent of obstruction, can lead to biliary stasis (stopping of bile) jaundice, bleeding and ulcers \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & surgical removal of tumor and parts of the intestine - chemotherapy \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gastric carcinoma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factor & more prevalent in Japan, men older than 30 years, h. pylori infection, epsetein barr, genetic/dietary factors, smoking \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
stages & are determined by penetration into a major muscle of the stomach and looking at the lymphatic system \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & aspirin has protective benefits, surgical removal \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & early - asymptomatic | advanced: anorexia, weight loss and bleeding \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colonic polyps}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifest & usually none, but may cause gross bleeding and abdominal pain \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & varies in size, type and location and removed using a scope \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colonic polyps image}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722449354_4.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colon cancer staging}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722449387_2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constipation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
small, infrequent or difficult bowel movement & fewer than 3 stools per week \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
low fiber, low exercise, slower perstalsis due to aging or pathological disorders & fecal impaction can occur where the stool starts blocking the GI tract \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MALABSORPTION DISORDERS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DISORDERS REGARDING THE SMALL INTESTINE AND INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Celiac disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
a familial intolerance to gluten & will lead to inflammation and atrophy of intestinal vili \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
causes: & impaired nutrient absorption due to reduced surface area \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
diagnosis & intestinal biopsy, anti tissue transglutaminase anitbody and imunoglobulin A endomysial antibody \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & gluten free diet, corticosteroids, supplemental folate, b12, and fat soluble vitamin \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tropical sprue/enteropathy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & of unknown cause but usually causes bacterial overgrowth in the large intestine where the mucus membrane is damaged due to fermentation \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
samll intestine & the mucus lining atrophies leading to malabsorption and folate and b12 acid deficiency \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
risk factor & those who live or visit countries along the equator and in adults more than children \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifestaion & bloody diarrhea, abdominal distention and fat in stool steatorrhea \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & antimicrobials, antidiarrheals and vitamin/electrolyte supplement \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dumping syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dumping of stomach contents into the small intestine after a short amount of time & most likely due to pyloric sphincter regulation loss - the sphincter is what allows chyme movement from stomach to intestine \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
risk factor/cause & common after gastrectomy, gastric surgery for obesity, cancer or ulcers \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
due to the large amount of partially digested food entering the intestine it can cause a shift in osmotic causing diarrhea & there is also rapid absorption of glucose in the blood leading to very high plasma insulin but results in low energy a few hours later due to no food storage in the stomach \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifestation & diarrhea, abdominal pain, rapid fall in blood \seqsplit{glucose/hypoglycemia} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & eating small but more meals about 6 -8 thoughtout the day \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dumping syndrome image}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722449541_1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Short bowel syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
due to removal of majority of the intestines & causes severe diarrhea and malabsorption \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
reduced ability to absorb due to short area to allow for absorption & (esp if ileocecal valve is removed) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifest & diarrhea \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & supportive to nutrient intake \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crohn disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
regional enteritis or granulomatous & affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
etio & chronic inflammation of all layers of the intestinal wall due to obstruction and inflammation of the lymph vessels \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
diagnostic findings & ulcerations, strictures, fibrosis, fistulas \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & fever, diarrhea, right lower quad pain, RLQ mass, tenderness \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & alleveiating and reduce inflammation, stop smoking, drugs similar to ulcerative colitis, no definitive care mostly supportive \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crohns v. ulcerative}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722449483_5.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mallory-Weiss Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & bleeding caused by tear in the mucosa due to excessive vomiting \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & vomiting of blood (hematemesis) and passing or large amounts of blood rectally \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
diagnosis & endoscopic examination \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & blood transfusion thought bleeding may stop on its own, controlling active bleeding with coagulation techniques, epinephrine injection etc. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{esophageal varices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{etiology} & portal hypertension from alcoholism or viral hepatitis \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{causes} & in tropical areas a species of liver fluke \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{a high mortality rate and it affects more than half of patients with cirrhosis} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Portal hypertension}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jaydevine-23_1722378805_2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vomiting/emesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{forceful expulsion of the gastric contents through the mouth} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{coordinated sequence of abdominal muscles and reverse esophageal perstalsis} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{also caused by alterations in the integrity of the GI tract wall and motility (obstruction))} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ENTEROCOLITIS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibiotic associated colitis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & inflammation and necrosis of th large intestine due to clostridium difficile or antibiotics and mediated by bacterial toxins \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifests & diarrhea, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, sepsis or perforation \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & stop antibiotics if possible, treat ischemia or any contributing factors, fecal transplant if severe \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Necrotizing enterocolitis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
occurs in infants \textless{}34 week or low weight infants \textless{}5 lbs & diffuse or patch necrosis \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
etiology & bowel ischemia, perinatal oxygen deficiency, use of hypertonic formula \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifest & distended abdomen and stomach and perforation (hole in stomach) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & fluids, antibiotics, surgery for ischemia or perforation \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{typhlitis}} & specialized necrosis in adult cancer patient with poor prognosis \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Apendicitis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & inflammation of the appendix due to fecalith or stone made of feces \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, nausea, vomit, fever, diarrhea and systemic inflammation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & immediate surgical removal, antibiotics, fluids, any localized abscesses may be drained with a tube \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{untreated appendicitis can lead to rupture and peritonitis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diverticular disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & presence of diverticula or herniations on the colon - diverticulosis \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
cause & low intake of dietary fiber causing high intraluminal pressure \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifest & diverticulosis - asymptomatic | diverticulitis: inflammation of the diverticula has fever, acute lower abdomen pain and leukocytosis \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & antibiotics and surgery for abscesses \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INFLAMMATORY STOMACH DISORDERS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gastritis: stomach lining}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{acute}} & precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances such as alcohol, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), viral bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
clinical manifest & maybe asymptomatic, anorexia, postprandial discomfort, hematemesis \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treatment & remove the cause \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{chronic}} & helicobacter pylori which is transmitted person to person, fecal to oral route or water borne \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{complication} & peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis (thinning of the lining), gastric adenocarcinoma, mucos associated lymphoid tissue and decreased acid + intrinsic factor \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gasteroenteritis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
etiology & inflammation of stomach and small intestine \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
chronic & secondary to another GI disorder \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
acute & direct infection by pathogenic bacteria or toxin \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & may be cause by imbalance in the normal flora \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clinical manifests & diarrhea seceretory, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomit, fever and malaise \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
treatment & replace fluids and electrolytes \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}