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\author{jash24}
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  /Title (exploring-knowledge-first-semester-2015.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jash24)
  /Subject (Exploring Knowledge First Semester 2015 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Exploring Knowledge First Semester 2015 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jash24} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20424/cs/3208/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jash24 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jash24} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 21st January, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle's 4 Causes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Aristotle's classification of the kinds of causes that a natural philosopher must investigate:  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
1. {\bf{Material}}- what something is made of. For example, a TV is made from glass and metal and plastic.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
2. {\bf{Formal}}- what gives the matter its form. For example, a TV is not just a piece of glass but glass and metal arranged in a certain way and programmed to work as it does.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
3. {\bf{Efficient}}- the reason behind somethings existence. For example, a TV exists because someone has the idea to build one and put all the parts together to make it work. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
4. {\bf{Telos}}- the reason why something is the way it is. This asks the question, what is the function of this object? For example, why does a TV have glass on the screen? So that we can watch it.% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle's Ideas on Man and his purpose}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Aristotle maintained that every human action is based on achieving a good as an end. There are different "levels" or "tiers" or good, and the ultimate highest good is {\bf{happiness}}. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
-Asking why we do the things we do helps us determine our final end (overall good).  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
-To be an ultimate end, an act must be self-sufficient and final, "that which is always desirable in itself and never for the sake of something else" (Nicomachean Ethics, 1097a30-34), and it must be attainable by man. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
-Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity, justice, friendship, and citizenship in one's life. Virtuous acts must be done genuinely.% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychology of Aristotle vs Psychology of Plato}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Plato}} first proposed the idea that the mind consisted of three interwoven parts, called the Tripartite Mind: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
The Logistikon: This was the intellect, the seat of reasoning and logic. (These people should rule!) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
The Thumos: This was the spiritual centre of the mind, and dictated emotions and feelings. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
The Epithumetikon: This part governed desires and appetites. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
-In Para Psyche, {\bf{Aristotle's}} psychology proposed that the mind was the 'first entelechy,' or primary reason for the existence and functioning of the body. Nutrition, Perception, and Mind.% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle's Unmoved Mover}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-The {\bf{Unmoved Mover}} is the ultimate cause of the universe, and it is pure actuality, containing no matter since it is the very cause of itself. In order for the Mover to be unmoved itself, it must move in a non-physical way, by inspiring desire.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
-{\bf{The unmoved mover would have initiated movement within the universe. It would not have been set in motion by another thing. }} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
-{\bf{God is the unmoved mover.}}% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5 Proofs of God}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. {\bf{There must be a 1st mover, unmoved.}} (God) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
           -Thought it was {\emph{nous}} (thought, thinking itself)  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
2. {\bf{A first cause in the Chain of causes.}} First efficient cause = God \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
3. {\bf{An absolute necessary being.}} Since it is impossible for there to exist an infinite series of causes of necessary things, we must conclude that there is something that is necessary in itself. (God) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
4. {\bf{An absolute perfect being.}} There must be something that is the cause of being, goodness, and every other perfection that we find in beings in the world. (God)  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
5. {\bf{A rational designer.}} There must be some intelligent being that directs all natural things toward their purpose. (God)% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato vs Aristotle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Plato}}= Idealist; This world is a reflection of the real world of ideas; The Republic: The ideal state (how can we build a perfect society? Society's problem: Mine vs Mine.) Private Property is a problem. Plato sees selfishness as a problem. Social unity is the goal! \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
-{\bf{Aristotle}}= Realist; The only thing that is real is...what's real!; We live in a REAL place; The Politics; Human selfishness is part of who we are. Wants to design a {\bf{Working Government}} that acknowledges selfishness and mitigates it. Balanced Society.% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Empiricism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Empiricism}}:  theory that experience rather than reason is the source of knowledge. {\emph{Opposes rationalism}}.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
-All knowledge is dependent on experience at least in the sense that all the materials for knowledge are ultimately derived from experience. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
-Thomas Aquinas  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
-Aristotle (Said to be the founder)% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(Aristotle) Virtue as a Mean}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Finding the mean in any given situation is not a mechanical or thoughtless procedure, but requires a full and detailed acquaintance with the circumstances. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
-Aristotle's treatment of virtues as mean states endorses the idea that we should sometimes have strong feelings. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-Doctrine of the mean: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
    1. Every virtue is a state that lies between two vices, one of excess and the other of deficiency. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
    2. Whenever a virtuous person chooses to perform a virtuous act, he can be described as aiming at an act that is in some way or other intermediate between alternatives that he rejects.% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Epistemology}}: How things are known.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-{\bf{Ontology}}: the nature of existence; what exists; definitions \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Ethics}}: the right thing to do.% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motion and Potential (Aristotle)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\emph{Dunamis}} = Greek word for potential.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-{\bf{Energeia}}: based on the word 'work.' Aristotle says the word can be made clear by looking at examples rather than trying to find a definition.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
         Roots: use Anglo-Saxon roots to translate the word into English. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
         Examples: Pleasure is an energeia of the human body and mind whereas happiness is more simply the energeia of a human being a human. {\bf{Motion}} is a type of Energeia.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Entelecheia}}: kind of completedness; A continuous being-at-work (energeia). The two words Energeia and Entelecheia converge for this reason... \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
-Aristotle defines {\bf{motion}} as the actuality (entelecheia) of a "potentiality as such." Nothing moves unless you push it.  {[}it is moved by a mover{]}% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Logic, induction, deduction, syllogism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Logic}}: a science that deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Induction}}: an act of moving by persuasion or influence.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
           -Observations lead to a general statement \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Deduction}}: the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Syllogism}}: If all {\bf{a}} are {\bf{b}} and all {\bf{b}} are {\bf{c}} then all {\bf{a}} are {\bf{c}}.% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Substances, Genus, Species}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-{\bf{Substance}}: is that which is neither said of a subject nor in a subject. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
The species in which the things primarily called substances are, are called \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
secondary substances, as also are the {\bf{genera}} of these species. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
-Of the secondary substances the species is more a substance than the genus, since it is nearer to the primary substance. For if one is to say of the primary substance what it is, it will be more informative and apt to give the species than the genus.% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle's Categories and Substances}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-The {\bf{primary substances}} are individual objects, and they can be contrasted with everything else—secondary substances and all other predicables—because they are not predicable of or attributable to anything else. Ex: Fido is a primary substance, and dog—the secondary substance—can be predicated of him.   \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
-{\bf{The issue}} is what constitutes the unity of the species or secondary substance: why is it not just a collection of properties and, if it is just such a collection, why is it so different from any other collection of properties? In order to begin to see how Aristotle tackled this problem we need the apparatus of form and matter.% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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