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% Document Info
\author{JagritiJha}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-unit-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (JagritiJha)
  /Subject (AP Bio Unit 1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Unit 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{JagritiJha} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/182976/cs/38075/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}JagritiJha \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jagritijha} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th April, 2023.\\
   Updated 4th April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Macromolecules Structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jagritijha_1680569917_Picture1-2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{monomer}}: monosaccharides (linked together into polysaccharides by dehydration synthesis)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{functions}}: energy storage (ex: starch in plants and glycogen in animals) and structural support (ex: cellulose for plan cell walls and chitin for exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{have a ratio of {\bf{CH2O}} (1 carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monomer}}: amino acids (which are linked by peptide bonds, which are formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{functions}}: antibodies, movement, membrane receptors} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Primary Structure}}- unique sequence of amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Secondary Structure}}-  folding of the amino acid chain through hydrogen bonds into alpha helices and beta sheets} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tertiary Structure}}- overall three-dimensional shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy (hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, H-bonds, ionic bonds)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Quaternary Structure}}- arrangement of polypeptides (only occurs in some) ex: hemoglobin} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Denaturation}}: unfolding of protein structure due to unideal temperature or pH levels} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monomer}}: N/A because lipids aren't polymers since they are assembled from a variety of components (ex: fats, oils, waxes, \& steroids) ALL HYDROPHOBIC} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Function}}: energy storage, protection, insulation, phospholipid bilayer} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Fats (aka triglycerides)}}: made of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules (fatty acids: nonpolar hydrocarbon chains)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Saturated Fatty Acids}}: no double bonds between carbons, pack solidly at room temp, max number of hydrogens, commonly produced by animals)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Unsaturated Fatty Acids}}: have some carbon double bonds which result in kinks, liquid at room temp, commonly produced by plants)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Phospholipids}} have a hydrophilic (polar) head that includes a phosphate group and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Steroids}} have a carbon skeleton of 4 rings that are fused together (ex: cholesterol in animal cell membranes, and estrogen and testosterone)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jagritijha_1680569990_Saturated-and-Unsaturated-Fats.png}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleic Acids}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monomer}}: nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Function}}: genetic info that codes for amino acid sequences} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{DNA}} and {\bf{RNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotides are made of {\bf{3 parts}}: nitrogenous base, pentose (5-carbon) sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and the phosphate group (PO4)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.23579 cm} x{1.69349 cm} x{1.64772 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Covalent Bonds}} & {\bf{Nonpolar covalent bonds}}: electrons are shared equally & {\bf{polar covalent bonds}}: one atom has a greater \seqsplit{electronegativity} -{}-\textgreater{} unequal sharing of electrons \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ionic Bonds}} & chemical bonds formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions & ex: table salt \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hydrogen Bonds}} & weak chemical interactions that form between a partial positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the strong \seqsplit{electronegative} oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule & ex: hydrogen bonds between water \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 13)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Van der Waals interactions}} & very weak, short-lasting connections that are a result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule & contribute to the 3d shape of molecules \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acids and Bases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{pH scale}}: Measures relative acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions (between 0 and 14)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Acids}}: excess of H+ ions and H+\textgreater{}OH-} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bases}}: excess of OH- ions and OH-\textgreater{}H+} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pure water is {\bf{neutral}} (pH=7)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Buffers}}: substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ from a solution when hydrogen molecules are in excess and donate H+ when hydrogen molecules are depleted} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Buffers are {\bf{essential}} in living tissues to minimize pH changes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)}}: important buffer in living systems because it moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Major elements of life are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus {\bf{CHNOPS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{All}} organic compounds contain {\bf{carbon}} and {\emph{most}} contain {\bf{hydrogen}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules because it has 4 valence electrons, which means it can form up to 4 covalent bonds (which can be single, double, or triple), and it can form large molecules (which can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Isomers}}: molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in atom arrangement, which can result in molecules that are very different in their biological activities (ex: glucose and fructose)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dehydration Synthesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jagritijha_1680569563_Dehydration-Synthesis-02-700x222.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hydrolysis Reaction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jagritijha_1680569730_83e5b8577d7856fe41a1c8e075e69e72fb28a84d.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Groups}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/jagritijha_1680570067_figure-02-03-07.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Water}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Water molecules are {\bf{polar}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hydrogen bonds}} form between water molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hydrogen Bonds}} are key to each of the following properties of water and what makes water unique} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cohesion is responsible for {\bf{surface tension}}, which means that water droplets will resist rupture when stress and pressure are added to the system} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}