\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Jack84}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (comp2123.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Jack84)
  /Subject (COMP2123 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{FD6A02}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FEF5EF}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{COMP2123 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Jack84} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/72157/cs/18281/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Jack84 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/jack84} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th December, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bashshell Basic Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`gedit example.txt \&` & create a new empty file \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.1 Bashshell Directory Manipulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`pwd` & Name of the current directory \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`cd dir` & change the directory to `cd` \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`cd \textasciitilde{}` & Change to home directory \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`cd ..` & Change to parent directory \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`cd .` & Change to current directory \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`mkdir dir` & Creates a new directory \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`rmdir dir` & removes a directory \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`rm -rf dir` & Removes non-empty directory dir and all of its subdirectories and files \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`mv dir1 dir2` & Rename dir1 to dir2 \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2 Bashshell File Manipulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`gedit hello.cpp \&` & Starts the gedit program to edit file hello.cpp \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`g++ hello.cpp -o hello.o` & compile hello.cpp to create executable a.o \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`./a.o` & invoke `a.o` \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`cp file1 file2` & Copy file1 into file2 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`cp -r dir1 dir2` & Copy dir1 (including its subdirectories) to dir2 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`mv file dir` & moves `file` to `dir` \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`rm file` & remove file \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`rm dir` & remove all files and directories in `dir` \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`touch file` & Create an empty file called `file` \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`cat file` & Display the content of `file` \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{File Security and Permission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`ls -lt` print in long form with security level indication} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`chmod {[}who{]} {[}operator{]} {[}permissions{]} filename`} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}who{]} `u` = user; `g` = group; `o` = other; `a` = all} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}operator{]} `+` = add; `-` = remove; `=` set} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}permission{]} `r` = read; `w` = write; `x` = execute} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.3 Bash Shell Searching}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`find . -name "hello.txt" -type f` & Search by name for a file \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`find . -name "hello.*" -type f` & Search any file type with the name "hello" \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`find . -name "hello" -type d` & Search for a directory called "hello" \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`find . -name "*.c"` & find .c files \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`find . -name "*.{[}ch{]}" & find .c and .h files \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`grep '\textasciicircum{}apple' example` & match beginning of a line \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`grep 'apple\$' example` & match the end of a line \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`grep '\textasciicircum{}apple\$' example` & match the exact contents of a line \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`grep 'p?' example` & match zero or one occurrence \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`grep 'p+' example` & match one or more occurrences \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`grep 'p*' example` & match zero or more occurrences \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`grep 'p.' example` & match a single character "p" \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`'{[}12345{]}'` or `'{[}1-5{]}'` & match any character enclosed by {[}{]} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`(ab)\{3\}` & 3 occurrences of "ab" \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`(ab)\{1,3\}` & 1 to 3 occurrences of "ab" \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`(ab)\{3,\}` & 3 or more occurrences of "ab" \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.3 Bash Shell Searching (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`grep -c "UNIX" bar.txt` & no. of occurrence for "UNIX" \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
`sed s/UNIX/Unix/g bar.txt` & replace all "UNIX" to "Unix" \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Note that (ab) can also be other valid patterns}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.4 Useful Bash Shell Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`wc -c file` & return no. of bytes \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`wc -l file` & returns no. of lines \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`wc -w file` & returns no. of words \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`sort file` & sort file in alphabetical order and output the sorted texts \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`sort -n file` & numerical sort \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`sort -n -r file` & -r for reverse sort \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`sort -k3 -n filename` & sort by field no. 3 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`sort -t, -k3 -n filename` & sort by field no.3 but the delimiter is comma \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`cut -d ' ' -f 1,3 example1` & return 1st and 3rd columns where the delimiter is a space \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`uniq file` & remove adjacent duplicate lines \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`diff fileA fileB` & how to transform fileA to fileB \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`0a1` & add the line1 of fileB after line0 of fileA \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`2,3C3` & change line2,3 of fileA to line3 of fileB \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`spell file` & display all incorrect words in file \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`su` & change to super user mode \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`yum install {[}program{]}` & install program \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5 Standard I/O and pipe}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`wc data.txt 1\textgreater{} result.txt` & send standard output to file \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`wc data.txt \textgreater{} result.txt` & same as above \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[}command{]} \textgreater{}\textgreater{} file` & append result of {[}command{]} to the file \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[}command{]} 2\textgreater{} file` & send standard error to file \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`./add.o \textless{} input.txt \textgreater{} output.txt` & add.o takes input from input.txt and output to output.txt \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`ls -l | grep "Jan 25"`} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C user input}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int a; float b;  \newline scanf("\%d\%f", \&a, \&b); \newline printf("\%g", a*b);} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ const keyword}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{BigInteger add(const BigInteger \& a, const BigInteger \& b) \newline \{ \newline   // Cannot modify any of the parameters \newline \} \newline  \newline string \seqsplit{BigInteger::setNumber(string} number) const \{ \newline   // setNumber is a read-only function.  \newline   sign = "-"; // error because sign is a member variable of BigInteger \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Constructor}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{class Point\{ \newline private:  \newline   int x, y;  \newline public: \newline     Point() \{ // default \newline       a = 10; b=20 \newline     \} \newline     Point(int x1, int y1)\{ // parameterised \newline       x = x1; y = y1; \newline     \} \newline \} \newline  \newline int main()\{ \newline   Point p; // default \newline   Point q(10, 20); // parameterised \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Constructor is a member function that shares the same name as the class}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ friend}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{// -{}-{}- In .h file -{}-{}- }} \newline class BigInteger\{ \newline   public: \newline     void setNumber( string ); \newline     string getNumber(); \newline   private:  \newline     char sign; \newline     int length;  \newline     int value{[}100{]}; \newline   friend BigInteger add(BigInteger a, BigInteger b); \newline \}; \newline  \newline BigInteger add(BigInteger a, BigInteger b);  \newline // add declaration of friend function AFTER the declaration fo the big integer class \newline  \newline {\bf{// -{}-{}- in .cpp file -{}-{}- //}} \newline BigInteger add(BigInteger a, BigInteger \{ \newline   // implement the function \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1 Shell Script basics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`echo -n "hello world"` & print without \textbackslash{}n \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`read name` & read user input and store it in a var called "name" \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`a=apple` & no quote \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`a='apple pie'` & single quote (strings) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`a="\$a\textbackslash{}\$"` & can handle special characters \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\$ & variable substitution \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textbackslash{} & escape special characters \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`\textbackslash{}`cat hello.txt\textbackslash{}`` & enclose bash commands \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`a="\textbackslash{}`wc -l file | cut -d\textbackslash{}"\textbackslash{}" -f1\textbackslash{}`"`} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`echo "there are \$a lines in file"`} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.2.1 Shell Script - Using Strings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\$\{\#a\}` & length of string \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`\$\{a:pos:len\}` & substring (assume index 0) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\$\{a/from/to\}` & change part of string \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`a="Apple pie"; from="pie"; to="juice";`} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.2.4 Shell Scripting - Variable as numbers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`let "a=\$a+1"` & increment a by 1 \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Shell Scripting - Control Flow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\# -{}-{}- if-else statements -{}-{}- \#}} \newline  \newline if {[} condition {]} \newline then \newline   echo "Action 1" \newline elif {[} condition2 {]} \newline then \newline   echo "Action2" \newline else  \newline   echo "Action neither" \newline fi \newline {\bf{\#example}} \newline \#!/bin/bash \newline echo "Do you want to remove all .cpp files (Y/N)" \newline read ans \newline if {[} "\$ans" == "Y" {]} \newline then \newline   rm -rf *.cpp \newline   echo "All .cpp files are removed" \newline fi \newline  \newline {\bf{\# -{}-{}- for-in loop -{}-{}- \#}} \newline  \newline \#!/bin/bash \newline list="1 2 3 4 5" \newline for i in \$list \newline do  \newline   echo "This is iteration \$i" \newline done  \newline  \newline {\bf{\# -{}-{}- for-loop with a range -{}-{}- \#}} \newline  \newline for ((i=0; i\textless{}=100; i=i+3)) \newline do \newline   echo \$i \newline done} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Shell Scripting - Useful techniques}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\$\#` & number of arguments input by user \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`\$0; \$1; \$2` & 1st argument, 2nd argument, etc \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`cp file123 fileabc 1\textgreater{} /dev/null 2\textgreater{} \&1`} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`/dev/null` is system dust bin} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`\&1` is the standard output} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`echo "\$0:error:Copy failed" \textgreater{}\&2`} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`\&2` is error output} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Shell Script Conditions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String comparison}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} "\$s" {]}` & iff length of s is non-zero \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`{[} "s1" == "\$s2" {]}`} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`{[} "\$s1" != "\$s2" {]}`} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[} "\$s1" /\textgreater{} "\$s2" {]}` & s1 sorted after s2 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`{[} "\$s1" /\textless{} "s2" {]}`} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{File Checking}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} -e \$file {]} ` & iff exists \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[} -f \$file {]}` & iff is a file \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} -d file {]}` & iff is a directory \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Number Comparison}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} \$a -eq \$b {]}` & iff a = b \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[} \$a -ne \$b {]}` & iff a!=b \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} \$a -lt \$b {]}` & iff a\textless{}b \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[} \$a -le \$b {]}` & iff a\textless{}=b \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[} \$a -gt \$b {]}` & iff a\textgreater{}b \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[} \$a -ge \$b {]}` & iff a\textgreater{}=b \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Iterate words in a file}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{list=\textbackslash{}`cat wordlist.txt\textbackslash{}` \newline for line in \$list \newline do \newline   echo "\$line" \newline done} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Misc}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`void func(int array{[}{]});` // array as parameter} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Dynamic Array}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int * a = NULL; int n;  \newline cin \textgreater{}\textgreater{} n; a = new int{[}n{]}; \newline ... \newline delete{[}{]} a; // free memory} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pointers C++}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`int *baz` & define a pointer \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`\&foo` & address of foo \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`*baz` & value pointed by baz \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`void PBV(int *p)` & parameter is a pointer \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`void PBR(int *\&p)` & parameter is address of pointer \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{modifying the parameter modifies the original variable} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Linked List and Various functions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int main()\{ Node {\emph{head = NULL; ... \} \newline void headInsert(Node }}\&head, int k, int v)\{ \newline     Node {\emph{newNode = new Node; \newline     newNode -\textgreater{} key = k; \newline     newNode -\textgreater{} value = v; \newline     newNode -\textgreater{} next = head; \newline     head = newNode; \newline \} \newline void printList(Node }}head)\{ \newline     Node {\emph{current = head; \newline     while (current!=NULL)\{ \newline         cout \textless{}\textless{} "Key:" \textless{}\textless{} current-\textgreater{}key \textless{}\textless{} ",value:" \textless{}\textless{} current-\textgreater{}value \textless{}\textless{} endl; \newline         current = current-\textgreater{}next; \newline     \} \newline \} \newline bool isSorted(Node }}head)\{ \newline     Node {\emph{current = head; \newline     Node }}previous = NULL; \newline     while (current!=NULL)\{ \newline         if (previous !=NULL)\{ \newline             if (previous-\textgreater{}key \textgreater{} current-\textgreater{}key) \newline                 return false; \newline         \} \newline         previous = current; \newline         current = current-\textgreater{}next; \newline     \} \newline     return true; \newline \} \newline void insertInOrder(Node {\emph{\&head, int k)\{ \newline     Node }}newNode = new Node; \newline     newNode-\textgreater{}key = k; \newline  \newline     if (head == NULL) \newline     \{ \newline         newNode-\textgreater{}next = NULL; \newline         head = newNode; \newline     \} \newline     else \newline     \{ \newline         Node {\emph{current= head; \newline         Node }}previous = NULL; \newline         while(current!=NULL) \newline         \{ \newline             if (current-\textgreater{}key \textgreater{} k) \newline                 break; \newline             previous = current; \newline             current=current-\textgreater{}next; \newline         \} \newline         newNode-\textgreater{}next = current; \newline         if (previous!=NULL) \newline             previous-\textgreater{}next = newNode; \newline         else \newline             head = newNode; \newline     \} \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4. Separate Compilation and Makefile}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{census.o: census.cpp BigInteger.h Country.h \newline   g++ -c census.cpp \newline  \newline BigInteger.o:BigInteger.h BigInteger.cpp \newline   g++ -c BigInteger.cpp \newline  \newline Country.o:BigInteger.h Country.h Country.cpp \newline   g++ -c Country.cpp \newline  \newline census:census.o BigInteger.o Country.o  \newline   g++ census.o BigInteger.o Country.o -o census} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Traverse Linked List using for-loop}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{void TraverseList(Node {\emph{head)\{ \newline   for(Node }}n = head; n -\textgreater{} next != NULL; n = n -\textgreater{} next)\{//do something to n\} \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Operator overloading}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{// Using friend functions \newline BigInteger operator+(const BigInteger \&a, const BigInteger \&b); \newline istream \&operator \textgreater{}\textgreater{} (istream \&cin, BigInteger \&b); \newline ostream \&operator \textless{}\textless{} ostream \&cout, BigInteger \&b);} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL Tree - Node and maximum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{struct treeNode \{  \newline   int key; struct treeNode * left;  \newline   struct treeNode * right; \newline \} \newline typedef struct treeNode treeNode;  \newline int maximum(int a, int b)\{ \newline   return (a \textgreater{} b ? a : b); \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - Rotation Functions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{treeNode* R\_rotation(treeNode *parent)\{ \newline     treeNode *child = parent -\textgreater{} left; \newline     parent -\textgreater{} left = child -\textgreater{} right; \newline     child -\textgreater{} right = parent; return child;\} \newline  \newline treeNode* L\_rotation(treeNode *parent)\{ \newline     treeNode *child = parent -\textgreater{} right; \newline     parent -\textgreater{} right = child -\textgreater{} left; \newline     child -\textgreater{} left = parent; return child;\} \newline  \newline treeNode* LR\_rotation(treeNode *parent)\{ \newline     treeNode *child = parent -\textgreater{} left; \newline     parent -\textgreater{} left = L\_rotation(child); \newline     return R\_rotation(parent);\} \newline  \newline treeNode* RL\_rotation(treeNode *parent)\{ \newline     treeNode *child = parent -\textgreater{} right; \newline     parent -\textgreater{} right = R\_rotation(child); \newline     return L\_rotation(parent);\}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - Insert()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{treeNode* Insert(treeNode *currentNode, int key)\{ \newline   if(currentNode == NULL)\{		 \newline     currentNode = \seqsplit{(treeNode*)malloc(sizeof(treeNode));} \newline     currentNode -\textgreater{} key = key;  \newline     currentNode -\textgreater{} left = currentNode -\textgreater{} right = NULL; \newline   \}  \newline   else if(key \textgreater{} currentNode -\textgreater{} key)\{ \newline     currentNode -\textgreater{} right = Insert(currentNode -\textgreater{} right, key); \newline     currentNode = \seqsplit{balance\_tree(currentNode);} \newline   \} \newline   else if(key \textless{} currentNode -\textgreater{} key) \{ \newline     currentNode -\textgreater{} left = Insert(currentNode -\textgreater{} left, key); \newline     currentNode = \seqsplit{balance\_tree(currentNode);} \newline   \} \newline   else \{  \newline     printf("fail! - duplicated key \textbackslash{}n"); \newline     exit(-1); \newline   \}  \newline   return currentNode;  \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - get\_height}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int get\_height(treeNode *currentNode) \newline \{ \newline   if(currentNode == NULL) \newline     return 0;  \newline   else\{ \newline     int height = 1 + maximum(get\_height(currentNode-\textgreater{}left), get\_height(currentNode-\textgreater{}height));  \newline     return height;  \newline   \} \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - getBalance()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int get\_balance(treeNode * currentNode)\{ \newline   if(currentNode == NULL) return 0;  \newline   else return get\_height(currentNode-\textgreater{}left) - get\_height(currentNode-\textgreater{}height); \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - balance\_tree()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{treeNode* balance\_tree(treeNode * currentNode)\{ \newline   int height\_diff = \seqsplit{get\_balance(currentNode);} \newline   if(height\_diff \textgreater{} 1) \newline   \{ \newline     \seqsplit{if(get\_balance(currentNode} -\textgreater{} left) \textgreater{} 0)\{ \newline       currentNode = \seqsplit{R\_rotation(currentNode);} \newline     \} else \{ \newline       currentNode = \seqsplit{LR\_rotation(currentNode);} \newline     \} \newline   \} else if(height\_diff \textless{} -1)\{ \newline     if(get\_balance(currentNode-\textgreater{}right) \textless{} 0)\{ \newline     currentnode = \seqsplit{L\_rotation(currentNode);} \newline     \} else \{ \newline       currentNode = \seqsplit{RL\_rotation(currentNode);} \newline     \} \newline   \} \newline   return currentNode;  \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C AVL - main()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int main()\{ \newline   treeNode *root = NULL;  root = Insert(root, 5);\}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Containers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`vector\textless{}int\textgreater{} v;` & vector definition \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`v{[}i{]}` & i-th item in the vector \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`v.pop\_back()`} & remove last item \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`v.size()` & size of vector \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`list\textless{}int\textgreater{} l;` & list definition \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`l.push\_front()`} & insert item at front \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`l.push\_back()`} & insert item at back \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`l.pop\_front()`} & remove the first item \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`l.pop\_back()`} & remove last item \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`l.front()`} & access the first item \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`l.back()` & access the last item \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`l.size()` & return num of items \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`map\textless{}K, V\textgreater{} m;` & map definition \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`m{[}i{]}` & i-th item in the list \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`m.count(k)`} & return no. of pairs in the map with key = k \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`m.size()` & no. of items \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Using map with user define objects}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{bool operator\textless{}(const Record\& a, const Record\& b)\{ \newline   return a.name \textless{} b.name;  \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Must overload "\textless{}" operator}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directives for STL}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include\textless{}vector\textgreater{}; \#include\textless{}list\textgreater{}; \#include\textless{}map\textgreater{}; \#include\textless{}algorithm\textgreater{};} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Algorithms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sorting}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`sort(v.begin(), v.end())` // vector} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`sort(a, a+10);` // array} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`c.sort()` // list and maps} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`sort(v,begin(), v.end(), compare);`// descend} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`bool compare(int a, int b)\{ return a \textgreater{} b; \}`} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{overload `operator\textless{}()` for special tricks} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Binary Search}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{`binary\_search(v.begin()}, v.end(), target); //returns bool`} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"target" is what you are looking for in v} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Upper \& lower bound}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`lower\_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), target); // returns ForwardIterator"} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`upper\_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), target);`} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`lower\_bound()` returns the earliest postion} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`upper\_bound()` returns the lastest position} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`binary\_search()`, `upper\_bound()` and `lower\_bound()` can be used with `vectors`, `lists`, and `maps`} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Random Shuffle}} (see appendix)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{need `\textless{}cstdlib\textgreater{}`, `\textless{}ctime\textgreater{}`, `srand(time(NULL))`} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ STL Template Class}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{template \textless{}class T\textgreater{} \newline class MyCollection\{ \newline     vector\textless{}T\textgreater{} data;  \newline   public: \newline     void Add(const T \&); \newline \}; \newline template \textless{}class T\textgreater{} \newline void MyCollection \textless{}T\textgreater{} :: Add(const T \& d)\{ \newline   data.push\_back(d); \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Template Operator Overloading (One-to-one)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{template \textless{}class T\textgreater{} \newline class MyCollection\{ \newline     vector\textless{}T\textgreater{} data; \newline   public: \newline     void Add(T const \&); \newline     T \& Draw(); \newline   friend ostream \& operator\textless{}\textless{}(ostream \& cout, const MyCollection\textless{}T\textgreater{} \&q)\{ \newline     cout \textless{}\textless{} "Collection" \textless{}\textless{} endl; \newline     typename vector\textless{}T\textgreater{}::const\_iterator itr;  \newline        for(itr =q.data.begin(); itr != q.data.end(); itr++) \newline          cout \textless{}\textless{} " " \textless{}\textless{} *itr \textless{}\textless{} endl; \newline          return cout;  \newline     \} \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C++ Template Overloading (many-to-many)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{template \textless{}class T\textgreater{} \newline class MyCollection\{ \newline     vector\textless{}T\textgreater{} data; \newline   public: \newline     void Add(T const \&); \newline     T \& Draw(); \newline   template \textless{}class U\textgreater{} \newline   friend ostream \& operator\textless{}\textless{}(ostream \& cout, const MyCollection\textless{}U\textgreater{}\& q); \newline \}; \newline template \textless{}class U\textgreater{} \newline ostream \& operator\textless{}\textless{}(ostream \&cout, const MyCollection\textless{}U\textgreater{} \& q) \newline \{ \newline   typename vector\textless{}U\textgreater{}::const\_iterator itr;  \newline   ... (same) \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{3.33459 cm} p{1.64241 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Conversion Specifier}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
int & \%d \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
float & \%f \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
double & \%lf \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
char & \%c \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
string & \%s \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C string}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`char name{[}{]} = "Alan";`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`char name{[}100{]};  scanf("\%s", name);`} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\#include\textless{}string.h\textgreater{}` & more functions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`strcopy(char s1{[}{]}, char s2{[}{]})` & copy s2 to s1 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`strcat(char s1{[}{]}, char s2{[}{]})` & append s2 to end of s1 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`strcmp(char s1{[}{]}, char s2{[}{]})` & return -ive if s1\textless{}s2. return +ive if s1\textgreater{}s2. return 0 if s1==s2 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`strlen(char s1{[}{]})` & return length of string \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pass by reference} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`void swap(double *a, double *b)\{...\}`} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Using this function: pass the address} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{`swap(\&a, \&b);`} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Arrays}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`int array{[}{]} = \{1, 2, 3\};`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`a{[}i{]}` is the same as `*(a+i)`} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Memory Allocation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`int size; int *a; scanf("\%d", \&size);`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`a = \seqsplit{malloc(size*sizeof(int));`}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`free(a); // a is pointer`} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Structure and typedef}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{struct student \{ char name{[}20{]}; int uid; \}  \newline typedef struct student student;  \newline int main()\{ student a; ... \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`int(a); float(a); str(a)` & type casting \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`a+b` & concatenation \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`s{[}i{]}` & access i-th \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`s{[}1:5{]}` & substring s{[}1{]} to s{[}4{]} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`s{[}1:{]}` & s{[}1{]} to end \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`s{[}:4{]}` & start to s{[}3{]} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`len(s)` & length of the string \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`print "howdy!", ` & print without newline \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`s = input("prompt")` & take user input as strings \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python File Input}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`with open("filename", "mode") as f:` & open file. define scope \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`f.close()` & end of scope \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`s = f.read();` & read from file \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`f.write(str(a));` & write to the file \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{file modes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
r & read only \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
r+ & reading and writing \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
w & write only \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
w+ & writing and reading (overwrite) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
a & appending \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
a+ & appending and reading \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python Flow of Control}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\#if-else statement}} \newline if condition: \newline   statement \newline elif condition: \newline   statement \newline else: \newline   statement} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Conditions are not enclosed by brackets}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{1.9908 cm} p{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python Logical operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\&\& & and \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
|| & or \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
! & not \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python For-loops}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{for i in list: \newline   statement \newline   statement \newline  \newline {\bf{\#Example 1}} \newline i = 1 \newline for dir in {[} "n", "e", "w", "s" {]}: \newline   print "the" + str(i) + "-th direction is" + dir \newline   i+=1 \newline  \newline {\bf{\#Example2}} \newline for i in range(0, 71): \newline   if i \% 7 == 0: \newline     print i,} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Python Array}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`arr = {[}0{]} * i` & empty array with size i \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`arr{[}i{]}` & i-th item in array \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}