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% Document Info
\author{Isla23456}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (crju309.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Isla23456)
  /Subject (CRJU309 Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CRJU309 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Isla23456} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/208132/cs/44529/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Isla23456 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/isla23456} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 4th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rome Statute}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Article 25 - Individual Penal/Criminal Responsibility}}; established through state practice and previous tribunals} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Court has jurisdiction over individuals from state-parties; 2. a person who commits a crime within jurisdiction of ICC = individually responsible \& liable for punishment under Statute} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Article 5 - Crimes w/in jurisdiction of ICC}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Limited to most serious crimes of concern to the international community = gravity threshold; genocide (genocide convention), CAH (Nuremburg tribunal), war crimes (customary practice), aggression (product of post-war tribunals); all offences established in customary int. law} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elements of Crime}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Developed for prosecution purposes; broke definitions of offences into actus reus \& mens rea} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Art 12 - Grounds for exercise of jurisdiction}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Signing = accepting jurisdiction over crimes in Art 5; 2. State Parties - if a state party has either territorial (2(a)) or nationality (2(b)) jurisdiction; 3. non-state parties may accept the Jurisdiction of the ICC by declaration.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Jurisdiction over Nationals of non-state parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Arrest warrants for Netanyahu \& Hamas leaders}} - Jurisdiction = offences take place within territory of state party (Palestine); pre-trial chamber determining jurisdiction: Key argument against jurisdiction = Palestine not recognised in int. law as a state \& territory of non-state cannot est. court jurisdiction; Counter argument = secretary general has accepted Palestine registration, \& UN GA has passed resolution recognising Palestine as a state.} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rome Statute (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Legal arguments against ext. jurisdiction to non-state parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Violation of pacta tertiis rule}} (you cannot in int. law, adjudicate over the actions of a state that is not a party to the treaty without that states consent). e.g., Monetary Gold case - ICJ refused jurisdiction b/c state wasn't a party to UN charter. {\bf{counter argument}}  not violating pacta tertiis rule b/c not over the actions of another state, b/c prosecuting individuals not entire states. {\bf{Delegation of jurisdiction to ICC}} pro ICC: you can do anything regarding jurisdiction unless there is a specific rule stopping you (rely on SS Lotus)} \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Art 13 - Jurisdictional Triggers}}} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{referral to prosecutor by (a) state party {[}must refer whole situation{]} (b) Security Council acting under Ch VII powers {[} gives non-parties authority to refer situations to ICC, or (c) prosecutor launches investigation} \tn 
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Art 15 - Prosecutor has proprio motu powers}}} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Prosecutor can initiate investigations based on info (often from NGOs) 2. Must analyse serious of info 3. Must conclude reasonable basis for investigation \& submit to PTC for authorisation {[}if PTC says no, prosecutor can request again w/ new evidence} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Role of SC in jurisdiction of ICC}}} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Relationship Agreement betw/ the ICC and UN \& RS Art 4: ICC designed to be independent institution; stands outside of UN. {\bf{SC powers under RS:}} referral (13(b)), deferral (16) {[}political interference eroding the independence{]}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rome Statute (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Requirements for Admissibility}}} \tn 
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% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Gravity Test - 17(1)(d)}} - "sufficient gravity to justify further action by the court" tested by quant \& qual factors re:  scale, nature, modus operandi, impact and/or high rank of accused. {\bf{Complementarity - Art 17(1) }} inadmissible if: (a) Case is being investigated/prosecuted by a state with jurisdiction, or State is unwilling or unable to genuinely investigate/prosecute, or (b)  Case has been investigated by a state that has decided not to prosecute, unless the decision resulted from unwillingness or inability to genuinely prosecute.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Negative complementarity - court steps in when there is no activity at national level}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Is there activity at nat. level? - Muthara: domestic \& ICC investigations must contain substantially the same conduct. 2. is qual of activity sufficient to meet the threshold in Art 17. 	• Complementarity = aimed at balancing CRJU with state sovereignty} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{17 Threshold}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Unwillingness 17(2)}}*1. Proceedings used to shield accused 2. unjustified delay 2. proceedings not independent/impartial. {\bf{Inability 17(3)}} 1. total/substantial collapse of state's CRJU 2. unavailability of CRJU = state cannot obtain the \seqsplit{accused/evidence/otherwise} proceed.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Complementarity in Kenya}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{P v William Samoei Ruto et al:}} Kenya challenging arrest warrants re: nat. activity. 1. case inadmissible if same suspects investigated for substantially same conduct. 2. Being investigated = mere preparedness not enough, must prove to have taken sufficient investigatory action} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rome Statute (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Enforcement}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{General duty to comply (86) \& finding of non-compliance (87(7))}} Non-compliance by Sth Africa re: request for arrest \& surrender of Al-Bashir {\bf{exceptions to 86:}} 98(1) if state would have to act inconsistently with the diplomatic or State immunity of a third state; 98(2) if compliance = requested State to act inconsistently with its obligations under international agreements {[}US used SOFA agreements to undermine jurisdiction of ICC{]}. {\bf{Punishment 103(1)(a)}} sentences serves in designated states willing to accept accused} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{War Crimes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Structural elements}} differentiate int. crimes from common law crimes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{contextual elements}} link crimes to specific situations - {\bf{war crimes}} = violation of rules of armed conflict. {\bf{Structural requirements of applying IHL}} 1. Must be armed conflict 2. Must be a nexus between crime \& armed conflict. 3. Must prove that accused was aware that there was an armed conflict 4. there must be a victim} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rules of Armed Conflict (AC) - int. humanitarian law}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Hague law - restricts conduct in war:}} 1. distinction between civilian {[}lawful{]} \& military {[}unlawful{]} targets {[}surrendered military = unlawful{]} 2. minimal military suffering 3. minimal collateral damage. {\bf{Geneva Law - protection of persons/property potentially affected:}} protection of all non-combatants incl. POWs, injured combatants} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{P v Tadic}} requirements of a war crime} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. violation of IHL - must be custom or treaty 2. must be serious (gravity). 3. must entail individual criminal responsibility. {\bf{"AC = resort to armed force betw/ states or armed violence betw/ govt \& organised armed groups in state}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{International Armed Conflict}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Art 2 Geneva Conv. = armed conflict betw/ states of {\bf{any gravity}} including an occupation that meets no resistance. {\bf{categorisation difficulty}} 1. wars of national liberation {[}Additional Protocol I, article 1(4) - fighting against colonial domination/alien occupation/racist regime = int. AC{]}. 2. Internationalised non-int. AC - Tadic appeal chamber re: Belgrade involvement = "overall control test"} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{War Crimes (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Non-International AC}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Art 3 Geneva Conv.:}} Threshold = enough control over a territory to be able to apply humanitarian law to themselves. If there is a threshold of territory \& activity in order to apply law, some degree of organisation must exist. {\bf{P v Ljube Boskoski \& John Tarculovski}} facts of the conflict (frequency of AC, heavy weaponry, etc.) used to est. intensity threshold \& relevant facts (no. of members, leadership structure) used to est. organisational level. {\bf{Akayesu:}} control of territory not necessary but indicative. {\bf{P v Bosco Ntaganda:}} non-int. AC = at least two organised armed groups + armed violence of a certain intensity.} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Nexus between the crime \& the armed conflict}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Art 3 of ICTY}} = crime closely related to AC. {\bf{P v Kunarac}} = 1. entire territories of warring states or parties in internal conflicts 2. Violations of war laws can occur in places/times without active fighting, if related to conflict. 3. Crimes \seqsplit{geographically/temporally} remote from combat still = war crimes if tied to hostilities elsewhere. 4. AC doesn't need to cause the crime but must play a significant role in its execution. 5. Acting in furtherance of the conflict is enough to link crimes to the conflict.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Awareness of AC}}} \tn 
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% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{P v Kordic:}} nullum crimen sine lege principle does not require accused knowing specific legal definition of each element of a crime he committed; sufficient = aware of the factual circumstances} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{War Crimes (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Victim}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Geneva law:}} distinction between lawful targets {[}military{]} and victims of AC who are protected {[}civillians, wounded etc.{]} {\bf{Hague law:}} distinction between lawful/unlawful means/methods of warfare. {\bf{victim}} reflected in these distinctions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Specific Offences}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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% That's all folks
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