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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
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% Document Info
\author{isabellagates (isabellagates)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-semester-1-review.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (isabellagates (isabellagates))
  /Subject (AP Bio - Semester 1 Review Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio - Semester 1 Review Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{isabellagates (isabellagates)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/68678/cs/18291/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}isabellagates (isabellagates) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/isabellagates} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 16th December, 2018.\\
   Updated 16th December, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Living things have cells} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) Living things need energy (ATP)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) Living things respond to their environment (Stimulus \& Response)} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4) Living things adapt to their environment (evolution)} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{5) Living things develop \& grow} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{6) Living things reproduce (sexually and/or asexually)} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Divisions of Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Kingdom} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Phylum} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Class} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Order} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Family} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Genus} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Species} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Ordered largest to smallest}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Levels of Biological Organization}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Atom} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Molecule} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Organ} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Multicellular Organism} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Organized smallest to largest}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogenetics}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Show evolution over time of different animals based on physical and/or genetic similarities% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scientific Method}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Define problem} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) Collect info on problem} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) Form a hypothesis, null hypothesis = opposite of the hypothesis} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4) Design an experiment that includes a control group, dependent variable, and independent variable} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{5) Preform experiment, observe and record data} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{6) Draw conclusions, a theory could be developed if hypothesis is proved correct} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{7) Report results} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- Scientific method can only answer objective questions based on quantitative facts from experiments  \newline - Experimental design = design an experiment to test a hypothesis and/or answer a question  \newline - Data gathering = Observe and record quantitative and/or qualitative data from experiment  \newline - Data analysis = Make a conclusion as to whether or not the data from the experiment proves the hypothesis incorrect or correct}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Science v. Pseudoscience v. Non-Science}}  \tn
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Science & Study of natural world \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Pseudoscience} & Theories about the natural world that appear scientific, but are not \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Non-Science} & An area of study that is not scientific \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.36 cm} x{6.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Matter \& Units of Matter}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Matter} & Anything that takes up space \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Element} & Pure substance, cannot be broken down \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Atom & Smallest unit of matter \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Isotope} & An atom with a different number of neutrons \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ion & An atom with more or less electrons than proteins \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Molecule} & Atoms bonded together \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.92 cm} x{6.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bonding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ionic & Giving or losing electrons \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Covalent & Sharing electrons \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Water}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Universal solvent} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{High cohesion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{High specific heat (= thermal stability)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{High heat of vaporization (= cooling mechanism)} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Buffer, 7 on pH scale} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pH}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Concentration of hydrogen ions  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Basic = 8-13, less hydrogen ion concentration  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Neutral = 7 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Acidic = 0-6, more hydrogen ion concentration \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- 7 to 6 = 10x more acidic, 7 to 5 = 100x more acidic and so on% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Rxt}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dehydration Synthesis & Form water that is ultimately removed to form bonds \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Hydrolysis & Split compounds/large molecules by adding water \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inorganic v. Organic Compounds}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Inorganic Compounds & Any compound that lacks a carbon atom, ex. O2, H2O \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Organic Compounds & Compounds from living things, ex. Hydroxyl, Carboxyl Acid, Methyl, Amine \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Carbon is important to life because it is common in most compounds required for life and can be bonded a variety of ways because it only needs four more electrons to complete an octet.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Molecules}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Carbohydrates} & Simple sugar used for short term energy, polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen, cellulose) + monosaccarides (glucose) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Lipids & Fats, oils, and waxes used for long term energy storage. Two parts: Glycerol \& fatty acids. Two kinds: Saturated \& unsaturated (double bonded carbons). Ex. Phospholipid \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proteins & Made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled onto each other \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nucleic Acid & Used for storing genetic information, two kinds: RNA \& DNA \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Polypeptide = Polymer of amino acids \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Amino Acids = Organic molecule with an amino acid group and a carboxyl group  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
-  Proteins work by their shape so change the shape = Destroy the protein (denature)% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structures of a Protein}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1) Primary Structure & Chain of amino acids \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2) Secondary Structure & Coils and folds of a polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds determine of pleated or helix \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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3) Tertiary Structure & Shape caused by interactions between R groups, shape can be determined by ionic bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic attraction \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4) Quaternary Structure & Overall protein structure, 2+ tertiary structures put together \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Enzyme/Catalyst = Speeds up reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed, allosteric site = working sites of enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) Structure = Protein fibers (filaments), cytoskeleton in cells} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) Hormones = Slow communication system, quorum sensing = bacterial cells communicate with each other by releasing hormones} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzymes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Used to do work in cells such as:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Mechanical Work} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) Transport Work} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) Chemical Work (catalysts = lower the amount of energy required)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{How does an enzyme work?} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Induced Fit = Putting two reactants together to lower energy} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) pH = Modifies pH of the system/reaction for a favorable spontaneous reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{What affects enzyme function?} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) Temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) pH} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) Cofactor = A mineral is needed for an enzyme to work, changes the shape of the allosteric site} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4) Inhibitors = Substance that blocks the allosteric site of an enzyme, ex. negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, penicillin} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Defensive Proteins & Protection against diseases, ex. antigens \& antibodies \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Receptor Proteins & Located on the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle's membrane, function: response to compounds \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}