\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{isabellagates (isabellagates)} \pdfinfo{ /Title (ap-bio-dna.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (isabellagates (isabellagates)) /Subject (AP Bio - DNA Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{D7A5D9} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FAF3FA} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio - DNA Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{isabellagates (isabellagates)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/68678/cs/18069/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}isabellagates (isabellagates) \\ \uline{cheatography.com/isabellagates} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 2nd December, 2018.\\ Updated 2nd December, 2018.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is a gene?}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Accurate Replication & Proof-reading enzymes \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} General Stability & Double helix = prevents breaks and mutations \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Information Storage & Nitrogen bases code for amino acids and proteins \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Transmission Information & Transcription \& Translation \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1866; Gregor Mendel & Discovered factors (genes), come up with three laws of hereditary \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} 1900; Corren, Tschermak, and Devries & Lead to the rediscovery of Mendel \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1900; Robert Feulgen & Came up with DNA stain, "feulgen stain" stains red \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} 1902; Sutton and Boveri & Chromosomal theory of inheritance -\textgreater{} genes are located on chromosomes, narrowed down gene location \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1925; Fred Griffith & Studied two type of bacteria. smooth (pathogenic) vs. rough (harmless), lead to the discovery of transformation (the ability of bacteria to pick up and use genetic material) which allows genetic engineering \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 11) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} 1930s; Collection of Scientists & Eukaryotic chromosome is 80\% protein (where most looked), and 20\% DNA, prokaryotic DNA is 100\% DNA \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History (cont)}} \tn % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1944; Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy & Used enzymes to destroy different proteins and genetic material, concluded that DNA is the genetic material \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} 1950s; Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase & Radioactively tagged DNA and proteins in bacterial phages, concluded that DNA can be transformed (confirmed Griffith) \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 6) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1950s; Chargaff & Amount of A = Amount of T, Amount of C = Amount of G (Chargaff's Rule) \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 4) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} 1953; Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin & Discovered the structure of DNA \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 3) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1983; Barbara McClintock & Discovered transposons (jumping genes) \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 2) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} 1992; W.F. Anderson & Human gene therapy with human growth hormones \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1992; Kary Mullis & PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crick's Discovery}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Telomeres & "Cap" of DNA, keeps it from splitting \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Double helix & Allows DNA to be stable \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Distance between base pairs & .34 nm \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Complete turn & 3.4 nm, 10 base pairs \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Length of DNA molecules & 2 meters \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Width of DNA molecules & 3 nm \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Polymer & Made up of nucleotides \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Nucleotides are made up of... & Ribose sugar (5C), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A, T, G, C) \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 4) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} DNA is... & Antiparallel \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA Structure}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Single strand \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - Ribose sugar (OH on 2') \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) - Nitrogen bases = A, U, C, G% Row Count 3 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.60195 cm} x{1.87657 cm} x{1.09848 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Dogma}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} DNA -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} & RNA -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} & Proteins \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Dogma}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/isabellagates_1543537596_central-dogma_med.jpeg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Theories of DNA Replication}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Conservative} & 1 completely new double helix, 1 completely new \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{Semi-Conservative} & Double helixes are 1/2 new, 1/2 old \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Dispersive & Different parts of the double helix are new and old \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Meselson \& Stahl & Proved DNA replication was semiconservative using bacteria cultures and nitrogen isotopes \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Leading Strand & 5' - 3' \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Lagging Strand & 3' - 5' \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 1) Topiosomerase & Relieves stress, DNA will not break \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} 1) Helicase & Unzips/uncoils DNA, opens double helix into leading and lagging strand \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 2) Binding Proteins & Keeps the replication fork open \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} 3) DNA Polymerase & Adds nucleotides to the leading strand 3' - 5' \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 4) Primase & Adds a RNA primer for nucleotide fragments (Okazaki fragments) \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} 5) DNA Polymerase & Will connect to primase, adds nucleotides in 3' - 5' \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 6) DNA Ligase & Connects the new nucleotides from DNA polymerase to primer on 5' end, changes primer to DNA \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 4) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} 7) Proof Reading Enzymes & Checks base pairs (A-T, C-G) \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Transcription}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Making of a mRNA molecule (5' - 3') from a 3' to 5' DNA molecule} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Transcription Factors (Proteins) attach to a regulatory gene (TATA box)} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) RNA Polymerase will bind to transcription factors, open up DNA} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) RNA Polymerase will add nucleotides of RNA to form a mRNA molecule, mRNA will hang off of the RNA polymerase} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Once RNA reaches a stop codon on the DNA; 1) mRNA leaves 2) polymerase moves to the next gene 3) DNA closes} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Introns & Junk DNA \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Exons & Leaves nucleus \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Poly-A Tail & 3' end of mRNA, protects nucleotides \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Translation}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Synthesize a protein using mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and amino acids} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) First tRNA (amino acid) enters P sire, codon and anti codon are complementary} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) 2nd tRNA (amino acid) enters A site} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Amino acid on P site forms a peptide bond with the amino acid in the A site} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) RIbosome moves down 1 codon, tRNA remains stationary} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} RNAi & Turning off a gene by using a complementary mRNA strand to block mRNA from translation \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4 bases x triplet code = 64 possible combinations} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1 start code (AUG), 3 stop codons} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Many codons equaling 1 amino acid buffers against mistakes} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Genetic Code}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Triple Code (Codons)} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Commaless = no breaks inbetween} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Non-Overlapping} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Punctuation, stop and start codons} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Degenerate = Some amino acids have more than one code} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Unambiguous = Same genetic code can be used in different organisms} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Mutations}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Deletion & Lose a base pair \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Addition & Base pair is added \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Substitution} & Different base pair is added \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{Non-Disjunction} & Wrong chromosome number, occurs in cell division, caused when mitotic spindles break \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotechnology}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Northern Blotting & Electrophoresis of RNA \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Southern Blotting & Electrophoresis of DNA \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) & 1) Take DNA sample less than 2,000 pairs 2) Place in test tube with TAQ polymerase and nucleotides 3) Heat tube then cool, heat shock for 7-9 minutes, problem = no proof reading enzymes \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 9) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Genetic \seqsplit{Engineering/Recombinant} DNA & Need a target and a vector (usually bacterial plasmid) \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Transgenic Animal & Introducing a gene from an animal into the genome of another species \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}