\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{Ieva Dambrauskaite (Ieva Dambrauskaite)} \pdfinfo{ /Title (social-psychology.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (Ieva Dambrauskaite (Ieva Dambrauskaite)) /Subject (Social Psychology Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3A3A3} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Social Psychology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Ieva Dambrauskaite (Ieva Dambrauskaite)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/156431/cs/33250/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Ieva Dambrauskaite (Ieva Dambrauskaite) \\ \uline{cheatography.com/ieva-dambrauskaite} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 25th July, 2022.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Cgnition}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} What it is? & Example \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} An approach of social behaviour whichassumes cognitive process influence and are influenced by social factors. & Facial expressions, such as fear and disgust, which warn us of danger, and eye gaze direction, which indicate where interesting things can be found. Such signals are particularly important in infant development. Social referencing, for example, refers to the phenomenon in which infants refer to their mothers' facial expressions to determine whether or not to approach a novel object. We can learn a great deal simply by observing others. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 22) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Social psychology examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation. \newline Social psychologists assert that an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are very much influenced \newline by social situations. Essentially, people will change their behaviour to align with the social situation at hand. \newline If we are in a new situation or are unsure how to behave, we will take our cues from other individuals. (ROSIE M. SPIELMAN 2017)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Harlow's Monkey Experiment}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 0 (+ 0) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Raised using an artificial terry towelling mother. Monkeys who were reared in isolation from birth turned out to be incapable of communicating with or learning from others of their kind, unlike those reared with their natural mothers} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Attraction}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} What Is It? & Social Exchange Theory \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} People who have a higher need for affiliation tend to be very active in pursuing social contacts and place a high premium on positive outcomes in such pursuit. & Desire to gain knowledge about ourselves and the world through social comparisons \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Those who are with low need for affiliation are less likely to respond negatively when their social interactions becomes less reward. & Desire to secure psychological and material rewards through social exchange. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 7) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Why? \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Information (Information Dependance) \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & Positive Outcome Dependence (Outcome Dependence) \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{People seek out and maintain those relationships in which reward exceeds cost, and they avoid or terminate relationships when cost is greater than rewards. People seek out to maximise pleasure and minimise pain and be attracted to those people who will reward them. - Lopes 1997 \newline \newline Some people may remain in dissatisfying relationships as they would rather receive rewards than run the risk of receiving none at all. - Martin 1995} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Development of Friendships}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Schacter et. al (1950)} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Student couples living in student housing at Massachusetts Institute of Technology} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Uni randomly assigned available apartments in 17 different buildings.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{At the end of year, students were asked to name their 3 closest friends} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The study concluded that two thirds close friends reside in the same apartment building/ same floor proving proximity theory. It was found out that couples were most likely to get married the closer they live to each other.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Matching Hypothesis}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Stiles et al., 1996} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Physically similar couples are more intimate in public settings and report greater love for one another than physically mismatched.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Matched couples are more likely to get married and stay married than those who are physically mismatched.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Similarity in age and family background not only influence affiliation rates, but similarity in attitudes also - Newcombs 1961} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schacter on Attraction 2016}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Mere Exposure Effect & the tendency for liking increase with the frequency of exposure. \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Proximity not only provides opportunity for attraction but it also provides the motivation} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The mere act of being exposed to same things in the environment led to increased liking for those things.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Factors}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Physical attractiveness was the only factor that predicted the online dating choices of women and men. & Beautiful people have more friends, more dates, more sex and more fun than the rest of us (Curran and Lippold, 1975), and they can even expect to earn 10\% more money over the course of their lives (Hamermesh and Biddle, 1994). \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 12) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{You know from experience that a person's appearance influences \newline your attraction towards them, but research suggests that this influence is stronger than \newline most of us might suspect.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Factors}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Why Similarity so Attractive? \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} People's inner qualities – personalities, points of view, attitudes, beliefs, values, ambitions and abilities – play an important role in determining their sustained interest in each other, and there isn't much mystery about the kinds & When someone shares our attitudes and beliefs, we feel a bit more confident that those attitudes and beliefs are correct (Byrne and Clore, 1970). Indeed, research shows that when the accuracy of a person's attitudes and beliefs is challenged, similarity becomes an even more important determinant of their attraction to others (Greenberg et al., 1990; Hirschberger et al., 2002). \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 20) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Research suggests that we typically interact with people whose standing on these dimensions is roughly similar to our own & It's easy to interact with people who are similar to us because we can instantly agree on a wide range of issues, such as what to eat, where to live, how to raise children, and how to spend our money. \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 11) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Factors (cont)}} \tn % Row 3 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} For example, intelligence, sense of humour, sensitivity and ambition are high on just about everybody's list (Daniel et al., 1985) & If we like people who share our attitudes and beliefs, we can reasonably expect them to like us for the same reason, and being liked is a powerful source of attraction \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 9) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{we are generally attracted \newline to competent people who, just like us, have small pockets of incompetence. Why? It \newline seems that people who are annoyingly perfect are perfectly annoying. Having a flaw or \newline two 'humanizes' people and makes them seem more accessible – and similar – to us \newline (Aronson et al., 1966).} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Attitude}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Attitudes draw lines about and segregate an otherwise chaotic environment & Methods for finding our way about in an ambiguous universe \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Attitudes are presumed to influence behaviours. & Attitude is more likely to be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of an object \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mere Exposure Effect}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} By exposing people repeatedly to a particular object will often lead them to develop a more positive attitude towards the object. & It Does not require any action towards that object, nor does it require the development of any beliefs about the object. \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classical (evaluative) Conditioning}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Dislike of specific racial groups can develop for children from listening to parents and other adults continuously use negatively evaluated words such as stupid, crazy, dishonest and dirty in referring to minority members. & A previously neutral attitude object can come to evoke ab attitude response by being paired with some other object that naturally evokes the attitude response. \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 12) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Stats and Statts (1958) & Demonstrated how easy it is to make subject like or dislike Dutch or Swedish people. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & One group = word "Dutch" was associated with positive word. \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Second group = word "Swedish" was associated with negative word. \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & At the end, participants were asked to rate how they actually felt about various nationalities (pleasant - unpleasant) \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reinforcement and Punishment}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When action towards the object is rewarded or reinforced, the action will probably be repeated in the future.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Attitudes can also be developed through the indirect means of observational learning = by observing how other people are rewarded or punished when interacting with the attitude object.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Self-perception Theory}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Daryl Bem & Feelings and attitudes can be result rather than the cause of our behaviour. \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Instead of attitudes causing behaviour, it is behaviour that causes attitudes. \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We watch our behaviour and then attribute it to either an external (situation) or internal (attitude) source.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Body Feedback}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Form of self-perception} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Attitudes can be manipulated by changing facial expression, body posture or other motor responses.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schacter (2016) on Attitude}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Attitude is positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When we are hungry, we open the fridge and grab an apple because our attitudes tell us that apples taste good and our beliefs tell us that those tasty apples are to be found in the fridge. In a sense, attitudes tell us what we should do ('Eat an apple') and beliefs tell us how we should do it ('Start by opening the fridge')} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 7) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If attitudes or beliefs are inaccurate, that is, if we don't know what is good and we don't know what is true, then our actions are fruitless. Because we rely so heavily on our attitudes and beliefs to guide our actions, it isn't surprising that we want to have the right ones. We are motivated to be accurate, and like any motive, this one leaves us vulnerable to social influence} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 8) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} For example, in one study, university students heard a speech that contained either strong or weak arguments in favour of instituting comprehensive exams at their school (Petty et al., 1981). Some students were told that the speaker was a university professor, and others were told that the speaker was a secondary school student. Some students were told that their university was considering implementing these exams right away, whereas others were told that their university was considering implementing these exams in 10 years. As figure 15.10 shows, when students thought the new exams might affect them personally, they were motivated to consider the evidence, and they were systematically persuaded. & . That is, their attitudes and beliefs were influenced by the strength of the arguments and not by the status of the speaker. But when students thought the new exams would not affect them personally, they were not motivated to consider the evidence, and thus they were heuristically persuaded. That is, their attitudes and beliefs were influenced by the status of the speaker but not by the strength of the arguments \tn % Row Count 53 (+ 36) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When people experience the unpleasant state of cognitive dissonance, they naturally try to alleviate it to change one's action, attitude or beliefs.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}