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% Document Info
\author{AlexHoratio (Horatio)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (wjec-a2-computing-unit-3-6-3-8.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (AlexHoratio (Horatio))
  /Subject (WJEC A2 Computing Unit 3.6-\textgreater{}3.8 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{WJEC A2 Computing Unit 3.6-\textgreater{}3.8 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{AlexHoratio (Horatio)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/21127/cs/16049/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}AlexHoratio (Horatio) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/horatio} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{alexhoratiogamedev}.blogspot.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 10th June, 2018.\\
   Updated 10th June, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Voice Input}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Voice input}} involves the computer "listening" for spoken words from the user.} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} This technology may be difficult to use due to the complexity of natural language \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} The computer may not understand all ways to phrase a single command. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} The computer may not be able to understand different accents. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{4.}} Background noise may render the user's voice unintelligible.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Computer Interface}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Voice Input}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Touch Screen}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Force Feedback}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Virtual Reality}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Augmented Reality}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assembly}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Opcodes and Data}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Opcode}} refers to the operative component of the machine code instruction. This might be {\bf{ADD}}, where the data in this case would be the number to add(and would come after the opcode).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mnemonics}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This is a three-letter name given to an opcode in order to make assembly more human-readable.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Translation to Machine Code}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Assembly code is one-to-one with the mnemonic codes, but due to the existence of variables and labels translation becomes more difficult. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{1.}} Labels are converted to memory addresses and stored in a symbol table({\bf{not}} the same kind as in {\bf{lexical analysis}}, though!). \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2.}} After that, mnemonics are converted into their binary counterparts and are combined with binary representations of data.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IDEs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Syntax Highlighting}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The IDE may automatically highlight key words like "if" or "print", based on the language being used. Also, most IDEs will implement {\bf{automatic line numbering}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Error Reports}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}If a syntax error has been detected, the IDE may attempt to point to the place in the code where the error has occurred.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Breakpoints}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Breakpoints will make the program halt at a specific line of code.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Stepping Through}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This involves making the program run through one line of code at a time and only proceeding when the developer presses a button to move to the next line.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Version Control}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This allows potentially problematic or otherwise unwanted changes to be rolled back, or to create stable builds at a specific point in time and still allow development to continue.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{System Design Evaluation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Systems Design Evaluation}} helps the company and client to determine whetherr the project was a success. This involves considering many criteria:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Requirements}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Determine whether the system fits the objective specification, as established by the client at the beginning of the project.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Performance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Whether the program runs efficiently and effectively.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Robustness}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This is whether the program crashes frequently or is generally stable.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cost}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Determine whether the system has cost more or less than expected.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Usability}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Whether the end user is able to easily manoeuvre or use the program. This may depend on the user's level of expertise with computer software.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Link Editors and Link Loaders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What's a link editor?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This ensures that previously compiled libraries are loaded into a program at compile-time and the required links are created. The code from the libraries then becomes part of the final executable code.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What's a linking loader?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Rather than making the libraries specifically part of the final executable, a linking loader just loads the libraries when the program is executed or loaded into memory.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A {\bf{Translator}} is any piece of software which converts higher-level source code into machine code. These are {\bf{compilers}}, {\bf{interpreters}} or {\bf{assemblers}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Compilers}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} Compilers convert source code from a high-level language into machine code. This generates an executable file which can be distributed. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} This protects the intellectual property of the developers, since the source code is usually very difficult to reverse-engineer. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} However, code compiled for one target platform(i.e, Windows) will not run on another(i.e Linux).} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interpreters}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} An interpreters translates source code into machine code {\bf{line-by-line}}, executing each line as it goes. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} This means that source code only has to be written once to run on any machine that has an interpreter for it. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} It's easier to test single lines of code \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{4.}} Since the source code is compiled at run-time, this may slow down the system. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{5.}} It's much easier for other people to view the source code, which may compromise intellectual property.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Assemblers}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} An assembler directly translates assembly mnemonics that each represents an instruction in machine code.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CASE Software Tools}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{CASE}} stands for {\bf{C}}omputer-{\bf{A}}ided {\bf{S}}oftware {\bf{E}}ngineering, and refers to a type of software which helps developers to create systems and programs. It may include any of the following:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Data Dictionary}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A database of all data types, sizes and names used in the program.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Graphics/Diagram Production}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Helps the developer to create {\bf{data flow diagrams}} or {\bf{flowcharts}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Libraries}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Extra repositories of usable code, such as {\bf{SDL}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Project Management Tools}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This might include scheduling, task assignment, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Version Control}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allows multiple developers to easily work together and keep track of historical changes to the program, like {\bf{Git}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Prototyping Tool}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This helps the developer to quickly create screen designs, menus, etc without having to explicitly program them.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Augmented Reality}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Augmented reality}} involves capturing the real world and overlaying information and graphics over it.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Force Feedback}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This is also known as {\bf{haptic feedback}}, and it refers to {\bf{vibrations}} or other sensations that the computer may respond with once the user has performed an action(i.e, pressing a key on a touchscreen keyboard)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{System Design Validation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Systems Design Validation}} is the process of testing a system to ensure that the designed product {\bf{meets the requirements}}.} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} This is generally carried out as early in the project as possible. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} It often involves things like bringing in customers to get feedback on the user interface. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} Methods such as {\bf{Agile}} generally make use of multiple smaller design reviews than a single large one.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CASE Tools}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Upper CASE}} \{\{ac\}\} & These are tools which are useful during the {\bf{planning}}, {\bf{analysis}} or {\bf{design}} sections. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Lower CASE}} \{\{ac\}\} & These are tools which are useful during the {\bf{implementation}}, {\bf{testing}} or {\bf{maintenance}} sections. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
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{\bf{Integrated CASE}} \{\{ac\}\} & These are tools which are useful in {\bf{all sections}} of development. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analysis and Planning Tools}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Diagram Generator}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allows the developer to easily create diagrams and flowcharts which represent the flow of data within the program.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Requirement Recording}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The developer can record and describe in detail any objectives or requirements for the system.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Collaboration Manager}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allows multiple developers to easily work on the same program at the same time without causing merge conflicts. This is included in most {\bf{Lower CASE}} tools.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Wire Framing}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allows the developer to easily prototype system logic, code structure and user interface.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bug Tracking}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allows bug reports to be filed, assigned and eventually marked as "solved".} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virtual Reality}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This involves "taking over" the user's senses in order to make them feel as though they have entered an alternate(or virtual) reality.} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} This is usually done via goggles, controllers and earpieces. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} Each eye piece in the goggles relays a slightly different image to give the impression of a 3D image \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} However, this may cause some users to feel nauseous} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intermediate Code}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Intermediate code}} is code that is compiled but not read directly by the end user's CPU. It's {\bf{interpreted}} by an intermediate virtual machine which can then interact with the CPU.} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} This is generally faster than interpreted languages, since the instructions aren't being rapidly compiled to machine code but rather fed to an abstract/virtual CPU.\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} The code is cross-platform, as long as the same VM can be installed on many platforms.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Compilation}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lexical Analysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} Spaces, comments etc are removed. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} All keywords, constants and identifiers are replaced with more space-efficient {\bf{tokens}}. This is known as {\bf{tokenization}}. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{3.}} A symbol table is generated which holds the addresses of variables and functions.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Syntax Analysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} Determine whether the source code obeys the syntax rules of the language(i.e, variables can't start with numbers)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Semantic Analysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} Check for semantic errors, like ensure that all variables have been declared, types are used correctly(not multiplying strings), etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Machine Code Generation}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} This involves generating the actual machine code for use by the CPU. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} Allocate the use of registers to minimize slow memory access.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Optimization of Machine Code}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} Optimize the code by limiting the number of jumps it has to do, "unrolling" loops, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Touch Screens}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Touch screens}} are screens that take in physical input from capacitive touch.} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1.}} If selectable elements are too small or close together, it may be difficult to select with the average finger. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2.}} Touch screens are very intuitive, especially for small children.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}