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\author{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)}
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  /Title (the-urinary-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ilsccsonoa (holscassidy))
  /Subject (The Urinary system Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Urinary system Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185549/cs/38774/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ilsccsonoa (holscassidy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/holscassidy} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th May, 2023.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{overview}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder \& one urethra \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- urine excreted from each kidney through its ureter \& is stored in bladder until expulsion from body through urethra \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- {\bf{nephrology}} = specialised branch of medicine dealing with structure, function \& diseases of the male \& female urinary systems \& the male reproductive system \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
- {\bf{urology}} = branch of surgery related to male \& female urinary systems \& the male reproductive system% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{internal anatomy of kidney}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
parenchyma & renal cortex = superficial layer \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & renal medulla = inner portion consisting of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by renal columns, renal papilla point toward centre of kidney \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
drainage system fills renal sinus cavity & cuplike structure (mino calyces) collect urine from papillary ducts of papilla \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & minor \& major calyces empty into renal pelvis which empties into ureter \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{if asked the difference between hilus \& sinus - outline a major calyx \& the border between cortex \& medulla.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cortical nephron}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 80-85\% nephrons  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- renal corpuscles are in outer cortex \& loops of Henle lie main in cortex% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{blood flow: \newline Bowman's capsule - PCT - descending limb - thin ascending limb - thick ascending limb - DCT}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{juxtamedullary nephron}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 15 -20\% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- renal corpuscles close to medulla \& long loops of Henle extend into deepest medulla enabling excretion of dilute/concentrated urine.% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{blood flow: \newline Bowman's capsule - PCT - descending limb - thin ascending limb - thick ascending limb - DCT}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{renal corpuscle structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bowman's capsule surrounds capsular space} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{podocytes cover capillaries to form visceral layer} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{simple squamous cells form parietal layer of capsule} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glomerular capillaries arise from afferent arteriole \& form a ball before emptying into efferent arteriole} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{renal physiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{nephrons \& CDs perform:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- glomerular filtration: a portion of the blood plasma is filtered into kidney} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- tubular reabsorption: water \& useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- tubular secretion: wastes are removed from the blood \& secreted into urine} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{rate of excretion of any substance is its rate of filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{kidney functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regulation of blood ionic composition - Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- \& phosphate ions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regulation of blood pH, osmolarity \& glucose} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regulation of blood volume - conserving or eliminating water} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{regulation of BP - secreting renin enzyme, adjusting renal resistance} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{release of erythropoieitin \& calcitriol} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{excretion of wastes \& foreign substances} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{blood \& nerve supply of kidney}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{abundantly supplies with blood vessels - receive approx 20\% of resting cardiac output via renal arteries \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
functions of different capillary beds: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- glomerular capillaries where filtration of blood occurs: vasoconstriction \& vasodilation of afferent \& efferent arterioles produce large changes in renal filtration \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
- peritubular capillaries carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- vasa recta supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- the nerve supply to the kidney is derived from renal plexus (sympathetic division of ANS), sympathetic vasomotor nerves regulate blood flow \& renal resistance by altering arterioles.% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{renal artery - segmental arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries \&/or vasa recta - interlobular veins - arcuate veins - interlobar veins - segmental veins - renal vein}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nephron/collecting duct histology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glomerular capsule consists of visceral \& parietal layers, visceral layer has modified simple squamous epithelial cells (podocytes), parietal layer has simple squamous epithelium \& forms outer wall of capsule} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries enters capsular space} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{single layer of epithelial cells forms walls of entire tube} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- microvilli, cuboidal vs simple epithelium, hormone receptors are distinctive features due to function of each region} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CD \& Renal tubule histology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{PCT - simple cuboidal with brush border of microvilli to increase SA} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{descending limb - simple squamous} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ascending limb - simple cuboidal to low columnar, forms juxtaglomerular apparatus where makes contact with afferent arteriole, macula densa is a special part of ascending limb} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DCT \& CDs - simple cuboidal composed of principal \& intercalated cells which have microvilli} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the {\bf{juxtaglomerular apparatus}} is a structure where afferent arteriole makes contact with ascending limb of loop of Henle - macula densa is thickened part of ascending limb, juxtaglomerular cells are modified muscle cells in arteriole}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{external anatomy of kidney}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- near centre of concave medial border is a vertical fissue called the {\bf{hilus}} through which the ureter leaves \& blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, \& nerves enter \& exit} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- three layers of tissue surround each kidney; renal capsule, adipose capsule \& renal fascia} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{nephroptosis}} is an inferior displacement of the kidneys, most often occurs in thin people - ureters may kink \& block urine flow} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- paired kidney-bean shaped organ} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 4-5 in long, 2-3 in wide, 1 in thick} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- found just above waist between peritoneum \& posterior wall of abdomen} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- retroperitoneal (along with adrenal glands \& ureters)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- protected by 11th \& 12th ribs, with right kidney lower} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nephron}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{consists of a renal corpuscle where fluid is filtered \& a renal tubule into which the filtered fluid passes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{three basic functions - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption \& tubular secretion} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{renal tubule consists of PCT, loop of Henle, DCT} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DCTs of several nephrons drain into a single collecting duct \& many collecting ducts drain into a small number of papillary ducts} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glomerular capillaries are formed between afferent \& efferent arterioles} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{efferent arterioles give rise to the peritubular capillaries \& vasa reccta} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{loop of Henle has a descending limb, thin ascending limb \& thick ascending limb} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{cortical nephron}} has glomerulus in outer portion of cortex \& short loop of Henle penetrating only into outer portion of medulla} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{juxtamedullary nephron}} has glomerus deep in cortex close to medulla, long loop of Henle stretches through medulla \& almost reaches renal papilla.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{corpuscle = site of plasma filtration, glomerulus is capillaries where filtration occurs \& Bowman's capsule is double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{tubule = PCT, loop of Henle dips down into medulla, DCT} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{collecting ducts \& papillary ducts drain urine to renal pelvis \& ureter} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- number of nephrons remains constant from birth - any increase in kidney size is size increase of individual nephrons \& if injured, no replacement occurs. Dysfunction is not evident until function declined by 25\% of normal. Removal of one kidney causes enlargement of remaining until it can filter at 80\% of normal rate of 2 kidneys.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{glomerular filtration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- BP produces glomerular filtrate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- filtration fraction is 20\% of plasma} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 48 gallons/day filtrate reabsorbed to 1-2 qt. urine} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- filtering capacity is enhanced by: thinness of membrane \& large SA of glomerular capillaries, glomerular capillary BP is high due to small size of efferent arteriole} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{GFR = amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys/minute. \newline average adult male = 125mL/min \newline Homeostasis requires GFR that is constant as if it is too high, useful substances are lost due to speed of fluid passage through nephron \& if it is too low, sufficient waste products may not be removed from the body.  \newline Changes in net filtration pressure affect GFR - filtration stops if GBHP drops to 44mm Hg, functions normally with mean arterial pressure 80 - 180 mm Hg}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}