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\author{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-reproductive-systemss.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ilsccsonoa (holscassidy))
  /Subject (The Reproductive systemss Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Reproductive systemss Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185549/cs/38801/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ilsccsonoa (holscassidy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/holscassidy} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{male reproductive system anatomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{gonads (testes)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}produce sperm \& secrete hormones} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{system of ducts (ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}transport \& stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{accessory sex glands (Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}adds secretions to semen} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{supporting structures} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}scrotum supports testes, penis delivers sperm into female reproductive tract} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{scrotum} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes, normal sperm production \& survival requires a temperature 2-3 degrees below core body temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{testes/testicles} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}paired oval glands that descend from the abdomen to the scrotum during the 7th month of fetal development, covered by a fibrous tissue called tunica albuginea, invaginations form 200-300 compartments called lobules, each lobule is filled with 2 or 3 seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{perineum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Diamond-shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks of males and females \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Contains external genitalia and anus \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- During childbirth the emerging fetus may cause excessive stretching and tearing of the perineum.  A physician may make a surgical incision (episiotomy) in this region to prevent excessive, jagged tears% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{accessory sex glands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
seminal vesicles (60\% of vol) & viscous alkaline fluid that helps neutralise acid environment \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & contains fructose for ATP production by sperm \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \& prostaglandins contribute to perm motility \& viability \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
prostate glans (25\% of vol) & single donut shaped gland that secretes milky, slightly acid fluid \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & it contains 1) citric acid (ATP production via Krebs) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2) several proteolytic enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3) PSA - prostate specific antigen \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 4) seminalplasmin (antibiotic) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
paired bulbourethral (cowper's) glands & secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralising acids from urine in urethra \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & mucus lubricates end of penis \& lining of urethra \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{vagina}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to uterine cervix} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mucosa continuous with uterine mucosa} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Decomposition of glycogen makes acidic environment hostile to microbes and sperm} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Alkaline components of semen raise pH} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{functions as a passageway for spermatozoa \& the menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, and the lower portion of the birth canal \newline 4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at cervix \newline - mucosal layer \newline - muscularis layer is smooth muscle allows considerable stretch \newline - adventitia is loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fallopian tubes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{provide route for sperm to reach an ovum} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{site of fertilisation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport secondary oocytes \& fertilised ova from ovaries to uterus} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Infundibulum ends in finger-like fimbriae; Produce currents to sweep secondary oocyte into tube} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ampulla – widest longest portion} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Isthmus – joins uterus} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Three layers: \newline 1) Mucosa – ciliary conveyor belt,  \newline     peg cells provide nutrition to ovum \newline 2) Muscularis – peristaltic contractions \newline 3) Serosa – outer layer}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{oogenesis \& follicular development}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- results in formation of a single haploid secondary oocyte \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- during early foetal development, primordial primitive germ cells migrate from yolk sac to ovaries \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- differentiate into oogonia - diploid 2n stem cells \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- before birth, most germ cells degenerate - atresia \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- a few develop into primary oocytes that enter meiosis I during foetal development \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- Each covered by single layer of flat follicular cells – primordial follicle \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- About 200,000 to 2,000,000 at birth in each ovary, 40,000 remain at puberty, and around 400 will mature and ovulate during a lifetime% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Testes cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) & found in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules secrete the male hormone testosteone \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
sertoli cells & embedded among spermatogenic cells in tubules , form blood testes barrier, nourish spermatocytes, mediate effects of testosterone \& FSH on spermatogenesis, phagocytose excess spermatids, secrete inhibin hormone which helps regulate sperm production by inhibiting production of FSH \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{mammary glands}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk (lactation) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
15-20 lobes divided into lobules composed of alveoli (milk-secreting glands) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Milk secreting glands open by lactiferous ducts at the nipple  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Areola – pigmented area around nipple% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{external female genitalia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mons pubis & fatty pad cushions pubic symphysis \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Labia majora & homologous to scrotum \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Labia minora & homologous to spongy (penile) urethra \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Clitoris & small mass of erectile tissue and numerous nerves/blood vessels homologous to glans penis \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vestibule & region between labia minora \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Bulb of the vestibule & 2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on either side of vaginal orifice \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{secretions \& functions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce a cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts)  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- when thin, is more receptive to sperm \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- when thick, forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- mucus supplements the energy needs of the sperm \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
The cervix and the mucus also play a role in capacitation - renders them competent to fertilise an oocyte% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{oogenesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-   Once secondary oocyte is formed it begins meiosis II but stops at metaphase \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- At ovulation, secondary oocyte expelled with first polar body \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- If fertilisation does not occur, cells degenerate \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- If a sperm penetrates secondary oocyte, meiosis II resumes \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- Secondary oocyte splits into 2 cells of unequal size -second polar body (discarded), ovum or mature egg \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- Nuclei of sperm cell and ovum unite to form diploid zygote- fertilisation% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{follicular development}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Each month from puberty to menopause, FSH and LH stimulate the development of several primordial follicles (one reaches ovulation) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Just before ovulation, diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Produces 2 unequal sized haploid (n) cells – secondary oocyte \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
and first polar body (discarded)% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{female reproductive system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ganads (ovaries) & produce secondary oocytes \& hormones \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
uterine fallopian tubes or oviducts & transport fertilised ova \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
uterus & where foetal development occurs \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{vagina} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
external organs & vulva or pudendum \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
mammary glands & produce milk \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{penis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- passageway for ejaculation of semen \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- body composed of 3 erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses surrounded by smooth muscle \& elastic connective tissue% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{erection: parasympathetic fibers release/cause local production of nitric oxide, dilates arterial smooth muscle, large amounts of blood enter blood sinuses, compresses veins draining the penis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sperm morphology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{adapted for reaching \& penetrating a secondary oocyte} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{head contains DNA (23 Chromosomes) \& acrosome} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{acrosome has enzymes that help sperm penetrate secondary cycle (hyaluronidase \& proteinase)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{midpiece contains mitochondria to form ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{produced at rate of 300 million/day} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{life expectancy = 48hrs in female reproductive tract} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ovaries}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- paired glands homologous to testes \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- produce: {\bf{gametes}} (secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova after fertilisation, \& {\bf{hormones}} including progesterone, estrogens, inhibin \& relaxin \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
ligaments hold ovaries in place: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1. broad ligament - a fold of parietal peritoneum  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
2. ovarian ligament - anchors ovaries to uterus \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
3. suspensory ligament - attaches ovaries to pelvic wall% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{histology: \newline - germinal epithelium covers surface of ovary \newline - tunica albuginea located underneath epithelium \newline - ovarian cortex = ovarian follicles \& stromal cells \newline - ovarian medulla contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels \& nerves \newline - ovarian follicles in cortex consist of oocytes in various stages of development \newline - mature graafian follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle ready to expel secondary oocyte during ovulation \newline - corpus luteum - remnants of mature follicle after ovulation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{uterus (womb)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
      - the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of fertilised ovum, development of foetus during in pregnancy and labour \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
Anatomically – can be subdivided into: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Fundus \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- Body \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- Isthmus  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- Cervix (opens into vagina) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
blood supply: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries that supply the myometrium \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
Straight \& spiral branches penetrate to the endometrium \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
	- spiral arteries supply the stratum functionalis \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
	- their constriction due to hormonal changes starts menstrual cycle% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{histology: 3 layers \newline (1) Perimetrium – outer layer \newline (2) Myometrium \newline 	- 3 layers of smooth muscle \newline 	- contractions in response to oxytocin from posterior pituitary \newline (3) Endometrium – inner layer \newline 	- highly vascularized \newline  \newline Stratum functionalis \newline        - lines cavity, sloughs off during menstruation \newline  \newline Stratum basalis  \newline       - permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{male reproductive ducts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ducts of testis & series of coiled efferent ducts that empty into epiididymis \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
epididymis & site of sperm maturation \& storage \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ductus (vas) deferens & conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
spermatic cord & ductus deferens ascends out of scrotum with arteries/veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels \& cremaster muscle \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ejaculatory ducts & formed by union of ducts from seminal vesicle \& ductus deferens, terminating in the prostatic urethra \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
urethra & shared terminal duct of reproductive \& urinary systems, subdivided into: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy penile urethra \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{spermatogenesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{produces haploid sperm (n) = one set of 23 chromosomes from diploid spermatogonia (2n)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{takes approx. 74 days} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{meiosis I - process = reduction division, homologous pairs line up to form a tetrad (4 chromatids from each homologous pair) \& the two cells formed by this nuclear division are called {\bf{secondary spermatocytes}} (haploid)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{each of 23 chromosomes is still made up of 2 chromatids attached at centromere} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{goes through meiosis II = equatorial division, 2 chromatids separate (no DNA replication)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{results in 4 spermatids - each haploid \& unique, 50\% X chromosome \& 50\% Y.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{spermiogenesis = development of spermatids into sperm, acrosome \& flagella (tail) form, mitochondria multiply \newline  \newline spermiation = release from connections to sertoli cells}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{female reproductive cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Encompasses ovarian and uterine cycle, hormonal changes that regulate them, and related changes in breast and cervix} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and ovary} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ovarian cycle: changes in ovaries that occur during and after maturation of oocyte \newline  \newline Uterine (menstrual) cycle: concurrent series of changes in uterine endometrium preparing it for arrival of fertilized ovum. if implantation does not occur the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}