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% Document Info
\author{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-cardiovascular-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ilsccsonoa (holscassidy))
  /Subject (The Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185549/cs/38773/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ilsccsonoa (holscassidy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/holscassidy} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{organs/structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
organs & heart, blood vessels, blood \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{structures} & layers of heart - pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & valves \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & chambers \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & major vessels \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & major cell types of blood \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{thickness of cardiac walls}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{myocardium of left ventricle is thicker than right - to do with demands of pumping blood away from heart.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood flow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/holscassidy_1684353789_Screen Shot 2023-05-17 at 21.01.49.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{arteries \& veins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{have:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}three major layers: the tunica interna (featuring the endothelium); tunica media (featuring circular smooth muscle \& elastic fibers); and tunica externa (featuring elastic \& collagen fibers).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{elastic arteries} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}large arteries with more elastic fibres \& less smooth muscle, are able to receive blood under pressure \& propel it onward, also called conducting arteries as they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{muscular arteries} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}medium-sized arteries with more muscle than elastic fibres in tunica media, capable of greater vasoconstriction \& vasodilation to adjust rate of flow - walls are relatively thick, called distributing arteries as they direct blood flow} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{aorta divisions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. ascending aorta \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. arch of aorta \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. thoracic aorta \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. abdominal aorta% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{regulation of heart rate}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{nervous control from cardiovascular centre in medulla: sympathetic impulses increase heart rate \& force of contraction, parasympathetic impulses decrease heart rate, baroreceptors (pressure receptors) detect change in BP \& send info to cardiovascular centre (located in arch of aorta \& carotid sinuses). \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
heart rate is also affected by hormones: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroid hormones \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- ions NA+, K+, Ca2+ \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- age, gender, physical fitness \& temperature% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.42581 cm} x{1.09848 cm} x{1.05271 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{heart}} & {\bf{blood vessels}} & {\bf{blood}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
pericardium & \seqsplit{endothelium} & \seqsplit{leukocytes;} WBCs \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{epicardium} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
myocardium - cardiac monocytes & . &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{valves} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
conducting nerve bundles (SA/AV Nodes) & . &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{pericardium} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{venules}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- small veins collecting blood from capillaries \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- tunica media contains only a few smooth muscle cells \& scattered fibroblasts - very porous endothelium allows for escape of many phagocytic WBCs \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- venules that approach size of veins more closely resemble structure of vein% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{arterioles}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- small arteries delivering blood to capillaries - tunica media containing few layers of muscle \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- metarterioles form branches into capillary bed - to bypass capillary bed, precapillary sphincters close \& blood flows out of bed in throughfare channel, vasomotion is intermittent contraction \& relaxation of sphincters that allow filling of capillary bed 5-10 times/minute.% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{veins of systemic circulation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- drain blood from entire body \& return it to right side of heart \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- deep veins parallel the arteries in the region \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- superficial veins are found just beneath the skin \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- all venous blood drains to either superior or inferior vena cava or coronary sinus% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{circulatory routes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{systemic} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}left side heart to body \& back to heart} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{hepatic portal} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}capillaries of GI tracts to capillaries in liver} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pulmonary} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}right side heart to lungs \& back to heart} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{foetal} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}fetal heart through umbilical cord to placenta \& back} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.74655 cm} x{4.23045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{physiological functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
heart & pumps over 1 million gallons / year, over 60 000 miles of blood vessels \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{vessels} & retain \& circulate blood, help regulate pulse pressure \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
blood & erythrocytes - distribute oxygen from \& CO2 to lungs \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & leukocytes - circulating immune cells to combat infection \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cardiac muscle histology}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- branching, intercalated discs with gap junctions, involuntary, striated, single central nucleus per cell. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- desmosomes between myocytes allow depolarisation of adjacent fibers.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- Striations are created by the organisation of myofilaments, actin \& myosin% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{electrocardiogram - ECG or EKG}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/holscassidy_1684354600_Screen Shot 2023-05-17 at 21.13.05.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ECG - action potentials of all active cells can be detected \& recorded \newline  \newline - P wave = atrial depolarization \newline - P to Q = conduction time from atrial to ventricular excitation \newline - QRS complex = ventricular depolarization \newline - T wave = ventricular repolarization  \newline - Q-T = time for ventricular depolarization \& repolarisation to occur \newline - S-T segment = ventricular fibres depolarised (plateau phase of AP)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{electrical conductance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. SA-Node (in right atrium) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. AV-Node \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. AV-Node (bundle of His) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. right \& left bundle branches \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Purkinje fibres% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{valves \& blood circulation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- valves open \& close in response to pressure changes as hear contracts \& relaxes. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- dense connective tissue rings surround the valves of the heart, fuse \& merge with the interventricular septum.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- support for heart valves, insertion point for cardiac muscle bundles, electrical insulator between atria \& ventricles.% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{capillaries}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{found near every cell but more extensive in highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys \& brain) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
entire capillary bed fills with blood when tissue is active lacking in epithelia of: cornea \& lens of eye \& cartilage \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
walls are composed of only one layer of endothelium cells \& basement membrane% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{layers of heart wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pericardium} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}dense irregular connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{epicardium} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}visceral layer of serous pericardium} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{myocardium} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}cardiac muscle layer} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{endocardium} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}chamber lining \& valves, smooth lubricating layer} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}