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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
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% Document Info
\author{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genetics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ilsccsonoa (holscassidy))
  /Subject (Genetics Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Genetics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185549/cs/38959/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ilsccsonoa (holscassidy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/holscassidy} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Darwin}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
natural selection & selection due to environmental stresses - survival of the fittest \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
pangenesis & a mixing of characteristics from parents \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lamarckism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{epigenetics} & presence of methyl groups attached to DNA bases controls the expression of genes \& changes cellular behaviour \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{methylation status changes in response to ageing, diseases (cancer), \& environmental factors (diet)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
laws of inheritance & study of alleles (hereditable factors) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
deductions & genes come in pairs \& are inherited as distinct units (1 from each parent) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & the segregation of parental genes \& their appearance in the offspring tracked as dominant or recessive traits \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & there are mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
peas? & grown in small area \tn 
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% Row 5
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 & lots of offspring \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate over several generations \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & can be artificially cross-pollinated \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
self-pollination & Mendel produced pure strains by self-pollinating for several generations \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & male anther + female stigma, germination occurs \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & example: if p = tall x short, f1 = all tall, f2 = 3/4 tall \& 1/4 short \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
particulate inheritance & physical traits are inherited as 'particles' - now known as chromosomes \& DNA \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
example crossing pure plants: & p = TT x tt \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & f1 = all hydrids: Tt \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & f2 = hybrid x hydrid: TT, Tt. Tt, tt \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
1st law: principle of dominance & {\bf{an organism with alternate forms of an allele will express dominant form}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & alleles can be dominant or recessive - one dominant allele will display its phenotype \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & cross pure parents for contrasting traits results in only one form of the trait in the next generation \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & all offspring heterozygous \& express only dominant trait \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2nd law: principle of segregation & {\bf{each inherited trait is defined by a pair of alleles - parental alleles segregate during meiosis.}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & during formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate - meiosis \tn 
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% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & alleles for trait are recombined at fertilisation, producing offspring's genotype \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
3rd law: principle of independent assortment & {\bf{alleles for different traits are not dependent on one another for their expression}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & allele pairs separate independently during formation of gametes (meiosis) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.4839 cm} x{1.4931 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel's crosses}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. p & TT x tt \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
2. f1 & Tt x Tt \tn 
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3. f2 test cross & Tt x tt \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{he didn't know at f1 whether tall plants were homozygous or heterozygous so you use a test cross \& use homozygous recessive from p to unmask other traits \& determine genotype of f2 - if they all come out the same then it was homozygous}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{experiment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{200 people given sulphadimidine, urine taken after 6 hours, treated so main metabolite from exrcetion stained blue} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{samples put in colorimeter - intensity of colour is proportional to amount of metabolite} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{data sorted into ranges based on optical density \& plotted on histogram} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{family included: all fast apart from eldest daughter, therefore parents are Ff Ff \& she has ff} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{other crosses}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dihybrid & p = RRYY X rryy \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & gametes = RY \& ry \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & F1 = RrYy (all yellow \& round) \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & F2 = 9/16Y + R, 3/16 Y + r, 3/16 y + R, 1/16 y + r.  (four different pea phenotypes) \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mono hydrid heterozygous cross & Aa x Aa \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & genotype ratio: 1:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & phenotype ratio: 3:1 \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
dihybrid heterozygote cross & AaBb x AaBb \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & genotype ratio: 1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{other crosses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dihybrid & p = RRYY X rryy \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & gametes = RY \& ry \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & F1 = RrYy (all yellow \& round) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & F2 = 9/16Y + R, 3/16 Y + r, 3/16 y + R, 1/16 y + r.  (four different pea phenotypes) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mono hydrid heterozygous cross & Aa x Aa \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & genotype ratio: 1:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & phenotype ratio: 3:1 \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
dihybrid heterozygote cross & AaBb x AaBb \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & genotype ratio: 1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel's law exceptions}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. incomplete dominance & sometimes neither allele is fully dominant over the other so the two alleles are both capital letters \& one has an apostrophe e.g. R R' \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & when these alleles come together they portray a mixing of the two phenotypes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. codominance & both alleles of a gene are dominant \& the heterozygous phenotype has both traits expressed equally so the two alleles are two capital letters e.g. W(hite) B(rown) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3. multiple alleles & human blood type is governed by presence of 3 different alleles: A B O \& each person has 2/3 in their DNA \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A \& B are codominant with each other \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A \& B are purely dominant over O \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & O is recessive \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & blood type gene is I, e.g. for A = IA, B = IB, O =i \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{type A = IAIA or IAi \newline type B = IBIB or IBi \newline type AB = IAIB \newline type O = ii}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sex-linked traits}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{traits located on sex chromosomes, X \& Y. XX = females, XY= males. many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hemophilia is caused by recessive gene on X chromosome - severity is related to amount of clotting factor in blood} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{colour blindness is a recessive sex-linked condition on the X, caused by lack of colour receptors in the eye, results in inability to see some colours correctly. more common in males, patients unable to distinguish shades of red-green.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}