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% Document Info
\author{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cell-structure-and-organelles.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ilsccsonoa (holscassidy))
  /Subject (cell structure \& organelles Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{cell structure \& organelles Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ilsccsonoa (holscassidy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185549/cs/38994/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ilsccsonoa (holscassidy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/holscassidy} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 29th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.181 cm} x{12.089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
prokaryotic cells & simple cells that have no nucleus - unicellular bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
eukaryotic cells & complex cells with a nucleus \& organelles - all fungi, flants, animals \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plasmalemma (plasma membrane) function}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- flexible yet sturdy semi-permeable regulator \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- covers \& protects the cell \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- controls what goes in \& out \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- links to other cells \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- flies 'flags' to tell other cells ' who' it is \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- lipids act as barrier to certain polar substances \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- transmembrane (integral) proteins act as 'gatekeepers' allowing passage of specific molecules \& ions% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plasma membrane proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ion channel (integral) & allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
carrier (integral) & carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape. carrier proteins = transporters. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
receptor (integral) & recognises specific ligand \& alters cell's function in some way \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
enzyme (integral \& peripheral) & catalyses reaction inside/outside cell depending on which direction the active site faces) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
linker (integral \& peripheral) & anchors filaments inside \& outside plasma membrane, providing structural stability \& shape for the cell. may also participate in movement of the cell/link two cells together \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
cell-identity marker (glycoprotein) & distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (except identical twin) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{small, neutrally-charged, lipid-soluble substances can freely pass. water is unique - it is highly polar yet is still freely permeable}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{diffusion (passive)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{the passive, random spread of particles from {[}high{]} -\textgreater{} {[}low{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{depends on: amount of substance, concentration gradient, temperature, SA \& diffusion distance} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ion channels (passive)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{allow passive movement of specific ions down electrochemical gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{distinguished by their ion selectivity} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{regulated/ 'gated' holes through membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{flow through ion channels is near thermodynamic equilibrium} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{gating mechanisms dependent on: voltage, ligands, temperature, pH, mechanical stress} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{transporters (carriers)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{allow passive movement of solutes across membrane down concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{example is GLUT1 - glucose transporter - binds to carrier at membrane side where concentration is highest, protein changes shape, releases solute on other side} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{concentration-gradient dependant} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{exhibit saturation kinetics} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{osmosis (passive)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- the passive net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration \& is opposed by hydrostatic pressure \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- occurs when membrane is permeable to water but not solutes \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- water can pass through plasma membrane through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion or through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{tonicity = a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. semi-permeable membranes separate fluid compartments therefore osmosis of water is free to occur between any fluid space \& another.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{primary active transport mechanisms (pumps)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{required for solutes that need to move against concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{requires energy through hydrolysis of ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{exhibit saturation kinetics} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{crucial for maintaining cell volume \& ionic gradients responsible for setting resting membrane potential \& generating action potentials} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{secondary active transport mechanisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{use energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradients to drive transport of other solutes against their concentration gradients} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{gradients are already established by primary active transport} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{indirectly use energy from ATP hydrolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{antiporters carry two substances across membrane in opposite directions} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{symporters carry two substances across membrane in same direction} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.3899 cm} x{10.8801 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{vesicular transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
vesicle & small, spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
endocytosis (3 x types) & materials move into a cell in a vesicle \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
exocytosis & vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid, important for neurotransmitter signalling \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
transcytosis & combination of endocytosis \& exocytosis \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(1) receptor mediated endocytosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{receptor protein recognises \& binds a specific particle: cholesterol containing low density proteins (LDL's), vitamins, antibodies, hormones} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{clatharin molecules form a basketlike structure on cytosolic side of membrane forming a vesicle} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{fuses with endosome} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{receptors recycled} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{vesicles bud off endosome to transport particle were required in cell} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(2) phagocytosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{cell engulfs large particles such as viruses, bacteria or dead cells} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{two main phagocytes: macrophages \& neutrophils} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(3) bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{no receptor proteins involved} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{transport of extracellular fluid} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{plasma membrane folds inward} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.454 cm} x{13.816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cytoplasm}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cytosol & intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles, site of many chemical reactions which usually release energy \& provide building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function \& growth \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{organelles} & specialised structures within cell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cytoskeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{microfilament} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}actin/myosin, generate movement, mechanical support} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{intermediate filament} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}stabilise organelle position, attach cells together} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{microtubule} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}made of tubulin, determine cell shape, movement of organelles/vesicles} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{network of protein filaments throughout cytosol, provides structural support for cell, three types \textasciicircum{}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{2.9359 cm} x{14.3341 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{motile projections of cell surface}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cilia & short, hair-like projections from cell surface, move fluids along surface \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{flagella} & longer than cilia, move entire cell, sperm's tail \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.8718 cm} x{11.3982 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{organelles/structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ribosomes & site of protein synthesis, large amounts of rRNA, attached to outer surface of nuclear membrane \& ER \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
endoplasmic reticulum & network of membranes in shape of flattened sacs/tubules \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
RER & connected to nuclear envelope, series of flattened sacs, surface studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane \& organellar proteins. attach carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
SER & network of membrane tubules, no ribosomes, synthesises fatty acids/steroids, detoxifies certain drugs (alcohol, pesticides \& carcinogens) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
golgi & consists of 3-20 flattened, membrane sacs called cisternae. modify, sort \& package proteins for transport to different destinations. proteins are transported by various vesicles (secretory, membrane \& transport) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.8718 cm} x{11.3982 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{organelles/structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
lysosomes & vesicles that form from golgi \& contain powerful digestive enzymes. low internal pH (5) due to H+-ATPase \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
peroxisomes & smaller than lysosomes, detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol using oxidase enzymes, abundant in liver \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
proteasomes & continuously destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins, found in cytosol \& nucleus, contain a multitude of protease enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
mitochondria & generate ATP by aerobic respiration, prevalent in active cells: muscle/liver/kidneys, self-replicate during times of increased cellular demand or before cell division, contain own DNA - inherited only from your mother, plays important role in apoptosis, cristae = series of folds of inner membrane, matrix = large central fluid-filled cavity \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nuclear envelope & double membrane separating nucleus from cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.8718 cm} x{11.3982 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{organelles/structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nuclear pores & numerous openings in nuclear envelope, control movement of substances between nucleus \& cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
nucleolus & spherical body that produces ribosomes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}