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% Document Info
\author{hmcaty}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-unit-7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (hmcaty)
  /Subject (AP Bio Unit 7 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Unit 7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{hmcaty} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181482/cs/37735/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}hmcaty \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/hmcaty} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 16th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64701 cm} x{4.32999 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Selection Overview}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Causes} & organisms with heritable traits that favor survival (provide a competitive advantage) tend to survive longer and are able to create a greater amount of offspring that are likely to inherit this favorable trait \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Effect} & As organisms with favorable traits are able to create more offspring with this trait, the presence of the trait (often represented by allele frequency) will increase within the population over time \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Natural Selection}}  \tn
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Artificial Selection & humans select desirable traits and breed organisms to produce these traits, rather than allowing organisms to reproduce (evolve and change gradually) without human interference \tn 
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Stabilizing Selection & occurs when selective pressures work against two extremes of a trait in favor of the intermediate or "middle" trait \tn 
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Directional Selection & selective pressures work in favor of one extreme of a trait \tn 
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Disruptive Selection & selective pressures work in favor of two extremes of a trait against the intermediate trait \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stabilizing Selection}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directional Selection}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIsruptive Selection}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolution}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Describe the types of data that provide evidence for evolution & evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many different disciplines - geographical, geological, physical, biochemical, and mathematical data \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
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Explain how morphological, biochemical, and geological data provide evidence that organisms have changed over time & molecular, morphological, and genetic evidence from present and extinct organisms adds to our understand of evolution fossils can be dated by a variety of methods - the age of the rocks where a fossil is found, the rate of decay of isotopes, and geographical data morphological homologies represent features shared by common ancestry a comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences and/or protein amino acid sequences provides evidence for evolution and common ancestry \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 24)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolution (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 2
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Explain how evolution is an ongoing process in all living organisms & populations of organisms continue to evolve all species have evolved and continue to evolve: genomic changes over time, continuous change in fossil records, evolution of resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs, and pathogens evolve and cause emergent diseases evolution ensures that organisms are fully adapted to their surroundings, and gives rise to new species, as well as making others extinct \tn 
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Describe the types of evidence that can be used to infer an evolutionary relationship & phylogenetic trees and cladograms show evolutionary relationships among lineages phylogenetic trees show the amount of change over time calibrated by fossils or a molecular clock traits that are either gained or lost during evolution can be used to construct phylogenetic trees and cladograms molecular data typically provides more accurate and reliable evidence than morphological traits in the construction of phylogenetic trees or cladograms \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 23)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Importance of phenotypic variation & Phenotypic variation is important because the environment may change at any point to favor different traits. If there is not variation in a population when the environment changes the population may not be able to survive to change with the environment. \tn 
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Acquired characteristics & modifications caused by an individual's environment that can be inherited by its offspring \tn 
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Population variation & distribution of phenotypes in a population \tn 
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Variation & genetic differences among individuals in a population \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Effects of environment on changes in the population & change in an organisms environment forces the organism to adapt to fit the new environment, eventually causing it to evolve into a new species convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in similar phenotypic adaptations in different populations or species \tn 
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Adaptation & heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival and reproduction in its present environment \tn 
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Allopatric speciation & speciation that occurs via geographic separation \tn 
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Habitat isolation & reproductive isolation resulting when populations of a species move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the other populations of the same species \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environment (cont)}}  \tn
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Bottleneck effect & magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes \tn 
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Geographical variation & differences in the phenotypic variation between populations that are separated geographically \tn 
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Selective pressure & environmental factor that causes one phenotype to be better than another \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium}}  \tn
% Row 0
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The Hardy-Weinberg equation operates under the following assumptions: & The population contains only diploid organisms that reproduce sexually. Generations do not overlap and mating occurs randomly. The population size is infinitely large. Allele frequencies are roughly equal between the sexes. There is no mutation, migration, or selection occurring in the population. \tn 
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% Row 1
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Hardy–Weinberg principle of equilibrium & a stable, non-evolving state of a population in which allelic frequencies are stable over time \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
explain the impacts on the population if any of the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are not met & changes in allele frequencies provide evidence for the occurrence of evolution in a population small populations are more susceptible to random environmental impact than large populations leads to variation in a population \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy Weinberg Eq.}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/hmcaty_1678926115_Screen Shot 2023-03-15 at 5.21.22 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Random Occurrences}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
explain how random occurrences affect the genetic makeup of a population & evolution is also driven by random occurrences mutations is a random process that contributes to evolution genetic drift is a nonselective process occurring in small populations: bottlenecks and founders effect migration/gene flow can drive evolution \tn 
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Bottleneck effect & magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes \tn 
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% Row 2
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Founder effect & event that initiates an allele frequency change in part of the population, which is not typical of the original population \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Gene flow & flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Gene pool & all of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population \tn 
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% Row 2
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Genetic drift & effect of chance on a population's gene pool \tn 
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% Row 3
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Genetic structure & distribution of the different possible genotypes in a population \tn 
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% Row 4
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Genetic variance & diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population \tn 
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% Row 5
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Genotype frequency & the proportion of a specific genotype in a population relative to all other genotypes for those genes that are present in the population \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Reproductive isolation & situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; this may be brought about by behavior, location, or reproductive barriers \tn 
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Assortative mating & when individuals tend to mate with those who are phenotypically similar to themselves \tn 
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Evolutionary fitness & individual's ability to survive and reproduce \tn 
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Fitness & measure of successful reproduction, the passing on alleles to the next generation \tn 
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Inbreeding & mating of closely related individuals \tn 
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Nonrandom mating & changes in a population's gene pool due to mate choice or other forces that cause individuals to mate with certain phenotypes more than others \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}