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\author{hlewsey}
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  /Title (ap-biology-unit-2-the-cell-and-cell-membrane.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (hlewsey)
  /Subject (AP Biology Unit 2: The Cell and Cell Membrane Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Unit 2: The Cell and Cell Membrane Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{hlewsey} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/36676/cs/11547/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}hlewsey \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th April, 2017.\\
   Updated 24th April, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Nucleolus & where rRNA \& ribosomes are synthesized \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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Ribosomes & protein factories \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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Peroxisomes & use converts H₂O₂ to water+O₂ \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Endomembrane System & regulates protein traffic+metabolic functions \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Nucleus & holds chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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Endoplasmic Reticulum & Rough: makes proteins\{\{nl\}\}Smooth: synthesizes lipids, stores Ca++, detoxifies drugs/poisons \tn 
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% Row 6
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Golgi Apparatus & processes, packages, \& secretes substances \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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Lysosomes & intracellular digestion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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Mitochondria & powerhouse of the cell :) (respiration) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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Vacuoles & storage \& pumping out water \tn 
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% Row 10
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Chloroplast & absorbs light \& synthesize sugar \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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Cytoskeleton & maintains cell shape, flow, positioning \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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Centrioles Centrosomes MTOCs & organize spindle fibers (cell division) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 13
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Cell Wall & protects, maintains shape, regulates water intake \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells}}  \tn
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Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes \tn 
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-no internal membranes/organelles\{\{nl\}\}-circular DNA\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-small ribosomes\{\{nl\}\}-anaerobic or aerobic metabolism\{\{nl\}\}-no cytoskeleton\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-mainly unicellular\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-very small & -membrane-bound organelles\{\{nl\}\}-DNA forms chromosomes\{\{nl\}\}-larger ribosomes\{\{nl\}\}-aerobic metabolism\{\{nl\}\}-cytoskeleton present\{\{nl\}\}-mainly multicellular\{\{nl\}\}-larger cells \tn 
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water potential & potential energy of water to move elsewhere \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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solute potential & tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into solution (Ψs=-iCRT) \tn 
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Quorum Sensing & monitors bacteria population density \& controls gene expression \tn 
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% Row 1
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Autocrine Signals & produced \& used by same cell \tn 
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% Row 2
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Juxtacrine Signals & physically touching cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata) \tn 
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% Row 3
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Paracrine Signals & adjacent (not touching) cells (synapses, growth factors) \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Signal Transduction Pathways- Reception}}  \tn
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Reception & ligand binds to cell membrane or intracellular receptors \& activates 2nd messenger \tn 
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% Row 1
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Ion channel & allows influx of ions to carry a message \tn 
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GPCR & ligand binds, changes cytoplasmic structure, activates G protein, bonds to GTP, catalyzes cAMP production \tn 
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\seqsplit{Intracellular} & hydrophobic messengers diffuse into the cell and control genes \tn 
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Signal transduction pathway & multistep process in which extracellular signal molecules produce a cascade effect \tn 
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Second messenger & intermediate molecule (like cAMP) that distributes+amplifies signal throughout the cell \tn 
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Response & regulation of protein synthesis by turning genes on/off \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{may be engulfed when no longer needed} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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