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% Document Info
\author{haleyreynolds849}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-chapt-14-15.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (haleyreynolds849)
  /Subject (Ap Bio Chapt. 14/15 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Ap Bio Chapt. 14/15 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{haleyreynolds849} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/34523/cs/10807/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}haleyreynolds849 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/haleyreynolds849} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th February, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non - Medalian}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Codominance - 2 alleles are both dominant and get paired up so they both work together. Ex: Red and White flowers make a red and white splotched flower} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Incomplete Dominance - 2 alleles both dominant get paired up and "blend" together. Work as one. Ex: Red and White flower make a Pink flower.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Pleatropy - one single allele affects multiple traits. Ex: sickle cell anemia, it affects many characteristics.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Epistasis - whenever one allele affects another allele. Ex: mice, colored trait and dark/light trait so you can get Black with light or White with dark, etc., as offspring. Consists of dyhybrid crosses.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Polygenic Inheritence - additive affect of genes on a single trait on a continum. Ex: Height. A continum happens on a bell curve. Two parents traits will come together and pick height about same as their own.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Sex Linked - a gene that is located on a sex chromosome, generally on X chromosomes, dieseases will be carried on these X chromosomes. Ex: color blindness, it effects males more than females because females have an extra X chromosome that will take place of effected X and males don't have the extra X to take it's place.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Gene linkage - genes are on the same chromosome. Ex : freckles and red hair.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Non- Disjunction (not non-medalian, own categorie) - Whenever chromosomes don't split equally among the cell. Ex: downsyndrome, you will have 3 chromosomes instead of 2. Many time non-disjunction have to do with sex chromosomes.} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendalian}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Law of segregation - Alleles that seperate during meiosis.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Law of independent assortment - states chromosomes can line up anyway they want to.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Two capital letters - Homozygous Dominant} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{One capital letter and one lowercase letter - Heterozygous} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Two lowercase letters - Homozygous recessive} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Capital Letter - Dominant} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Lowercase Letter - Recessive} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Monohybrid - 4 Offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Dyhybrid - 16 Offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Dyhyrid phenotype Ratio. Homozygous dominant : heterozygous : heterozygous : homozygous recessive} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Dyhybrid genotype ratio: each genotype to the others ex: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{monohybrid genotype ratio. homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{monohybrid phenotype ratio. Dominant showing traits: recessive showing traits} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pedigrees}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Pedigree - how you trace diesease in your family} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{There are three types of pedigrees} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Autosomal recessive - 2 normal parents. If you have two affected parents you can't have a kid who won't have the gene/diesease} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Autosomal dominant - Every generation has the diesease. At least one parent has it.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{sex-linked recessive - Never go from one generation to the next ( always skips a generation ). Normally seen in males.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Squares = Males , Circles = Females} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Blood types have 3 alleles} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A type , B type , and O type} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Possible blood types: A+, A-,B+,B-,AB+,AB-,O+,O-} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{AB are codominant. A and B are both dominant alleles} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{O = recessive} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{You can't get other letter blood due to antigens} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{antigens are located on red blood cells} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{plasma is where the antibodies are located} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{antibodies fight the antigens} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{O blood doesn't have antigens so that's why it's the universal giver. No antigens for A or B antibodies to pick up and clot} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{AB is the universal acceptor because it has both A and B antigens and O doesnt have any antigens} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A can give to A and AB} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{B can give to A and AB} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{AB can't give to anyone} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{O can give to O , A , B , and AB} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Rh factor is a protein we have in common with rhesus monkeys which proves generic background.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If you are blood type + you have the Rh factor} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If you are blood type - you don't have the Rh factor} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- can give to - and +} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{+ can give to + but not to -} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{wrong blood always resluts in blood clotting} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



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