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\author{ha.an}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (12-2-demography-sbi4u1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ha.an)
  /Subject (12.2 Demography - SBI4U1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{12.2 Demography - SBI4U1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ha.an} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/173942/cs/36543/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ha.an \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ha-an} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th January, 2023.\\
   Updated 20th January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Demography}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the study of the growth rate, age structure, and other characteristics of populations} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Natality}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the birth rate in a population mortality the death rate in a population} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Immigration}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the movement of individuals into a population} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Emigration}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the movement of individuals out of a population} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Life table}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a chart that summarizes the demographic characteristics of a population} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cohort}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a group of individuals of similar ages} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Age-Specific Mortality}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the proportion of individuals that were alive at the start of an age interval but died during the age interval} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Age-Specific Survivorship}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the proportion of individuals that were alive at the start of an age interval and survived until the start of the next age interval} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Survivorship Curve}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a graphic display of the rate of survival of individuals over the lifespan of a species} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Fecundity}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the potential for a species to produce offspring in a lifetime} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Generation Time}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the average time between the birth of an organism and the birth of its offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{definitions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sex Ratio}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the relative proportion of males and females in a population} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Changes in Population Size}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- environmental conditions can increase or decrease population \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - biotic and abiotic factors affect the rates of natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{calculations:}} \{\{nl\}\} population change = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{analysis:}} \{\{nl\}\} - if natality and immigration are equal to mortality and emigration → the population's size will remain stable \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} - when natality and immigration are greater than mortality and emigration → there is population growth \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} - when mortality and emigration are greater than natality and immigration → population will decrease} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{bl=2\}\} Populations are dynamic - they change hourly, daily, seasonally, or annually - and depends on the species and environmental conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demography}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- predicts the growth of a population \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - can protect endangered species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- can be determined by natality, morality, immigration, and emigration} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{retrieving data}} \{\{nl\}\} - done by routine sampling} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{analyzing:}} \{\{nl\}\} - through life tables and survivorship curves} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Life Tables}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- a group of individuals born around the same time are marked \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - monitored until they all die} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- the lifespans of the individuals are divided into age intervals} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{~ ~ {\bf{how?}} \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ ~ - short life-span: labelled by days, weeks, or months \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ ~ - long life-span: by years or ranges of years \{\{bb\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{morality and survivorship}} \{\{nl\}\} - the mortality rate is the number of deaths in a population per unit of time \{\{bt=1\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{morality/survivorship calculations:}} \{\{nl\}\} age-specific mortality = \# that died during the interval / \# alive at the start of the interval \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} age-specific survivorship = \# still alive at the end of the interval / \# alive at the start of the interval \{\{bb=1\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{survival probability}} \{\{nl\}\} - the proportion of the cohort that survived at a specific age summarizes the survival probability of a newborn at that age \{\{bt=1\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{calculations:}} \{\{nl\}\} probability of being alive at a specific age = \# alive at the start of the age interval / \# alive at the start of the initial age interval} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fecundity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{fecundity varies from species to species} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- can increase or decrease depending on: \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - environmental conditions \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - age structure \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - generation time \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - sex ratio} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{environmental conditions:}} \{\{nl\}\} - plenty of food and the climate is optimal = species tend to have higher rates of reproduction \{\{nl\}\} - little food and precipitation → reproduction rates drop} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{age structure:}} \{\{nl\}\} describes the relative number of individuals in each age category \{\{nl\}\} - pre-productive: younger than the age of sexual maturity \{\{nl\}\} - reproductive: reproducing age \{\{nl\}\} - post-reproductive: older than the max. age of reproduction \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} this reflects its recent growth history to predict its future growth} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{generation time:}} \{\{nl\}\} - i.e. E. coli has a short generation time → they mature very quickly and reproduce quicker \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} - humans have a much longer generation time in comparison to E. coli} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{sex ratio:}} \{\{nl\}\} \# of females have a greater impact because they produce offspring \{\{nl\}\} - a male can mate with several females → does not greatly influence reproduction \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} - but; some species have lifelong pairs and the  \# of males matter as much as females} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{High Vs. Low Fecundity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{high fecundity}} \{\{nl\}\} = an animal that has many offspring \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - but does little care for them \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - e.x. hawksbill turtle lay as much as 100 eggs, but leave the nest (the offspring fend for themselves at birth} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{low fecundity}} \{\{nl\}\} = produces fewer offspring per year \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - has more energy to care for them \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - can be protective\{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ - e.x. bears stay and teach their cubs how to survive} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Survivorship Curves}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{they are like life tables; but a graphical representation \{\{nl\}\} - displays the survival of individuals over the lifespan of the species} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{types:}} \{\{nl\}\} - type I \{\{nl\}\} - type II \{\{nl\}\} - type III} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPE I CURVE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ha-an_1673831207_Screen Shot 2023-01-15 at 8.05.33 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- flat at the start  \newline - low death rate in the early and middle years \newline - death rate increases in older age groups \newline - has a long gestation period \newline - common in large animals  \newline ~ ~ - produce few offspring and provide their offspring \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~   with a lot of care for a long period of time}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPE II CURVE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ha-an_1673831431_Screen Shot 2023-01-15 at 8.09.10 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- constant rate of mortality in all age groups \newline - steady declining survival rate \newline - preyed by type I organisms  \newline - feed on type III organisms  \newline - has a short gestation period}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPE III CURVE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ha-an_1673831574_Screen Shot 2023-01-15 at 8.11.53 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- drops rapidly right at the beginning \newline - in early life, the death rate is really high and then flattens out later on in the life of the organism IF the organism survives \newline - organisms that produce a large number of offspring  \newline ~ ~ - like plants, insects, and fish.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Survivorship Curve Examples}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Type I example}} \{\{nl\}\} - humans; when a baby is born, we take great care of them until their young adult years in which they provide for themselves} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Type II example}} \{\{nl\}\} - lizard; they constantly face a number of diseases, predation, and starvation not matter their age} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Type III example}} \{\{nl\}\} - fish; has a high juvenile mortality (when they are babies - constantly surrounded by predators)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}