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% Document Info
\author{green.tortellini}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (molbio-proteins-and-dna.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (green.tortellini)
  /Subject (MolBio - Proteins and DNA Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{MolBio - Proteins and DNA Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{green.tortellini} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/197925/cs/41819/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}green.tortellini \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/green-tortellini} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 21st December, 2023.\\
   Updated 21st December, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Biochemistry}}  \tn
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{\bf{Protein Functions}} & {\bf{Structure}} & {\bf{Post-translational modification \& Targeting}} \tn 
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Different structures reflect unique function & Proteins are made up of amino acids with various side chains & Reversible (addition) or irreversible (removal) \tn 
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Recognition of specific molecules: hormones, antibodies, DNA binding proteins & Amino acids have a hydrogen, central carbon, amino group, side chain, and a carboxyl group & Methylation is adding a CH3 group (eg histones to regulate gene expression) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 3
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Movement of molecules: porin, ferritin & Side chains: positive or negative charge, polar or nonpolar, different shapes and sizes & \seqsplit{Glycosylation} is adding sugar molecules (eg cell surface proteins) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
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Structural functions: components of the cytoskeleton such as microtubules & Primary structure: order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, joined by peptide bonds (which are rigid), have a C and N-terminus & \seqsplit{Ubiquitination} is adding a 76 amino acid polypeptide which denotes protein is ready to be degraded \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Biochemistry (cont)}}  \tn
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Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required & Secondary structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet, stabilised by hydrogen bonds & \seqsplit{Phosphorylation} is adding PO3 group, regulates enzyme function \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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 & Tertiary structure: tightly packed 3D structure, noncovalent interactions between side chains & Targeting is when proteins are transported to where they need to go in a cell \tn 
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 & Quaternary structure: complex with 2 or more subunits which can be identical or different & Many proteins have a short signal or localisation sequence indicating where they need to go, this is then removed \tn 
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 & Many proteins contain several different tightly packed domains, each carries out a specific function &  \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Structure}}  \tn
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{\bf{DNA Structure}} & {\bf{Experimental Evidence}} & {\bf{Chromosome Structure}} & {\bf{DNA- Binding Proteins}} \tn 
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DNA is made up of \seqsplit{nucleotides} & Chargaff used paper \seqsplit{chromatography} and looked at base \seqsplit{proportions}. \% purine = \% \seqsplit{pyrimidine} & \seqsplit{Chromosomes} are long DNA molecules \seqsplit{containing} genetic \seqsplit{information}, have \seqsplit{regulatory} sequences for proper \seqsplit{expression} and \seqsplit{replication} & Proteins bind to specific domains which can have a general affinity for DNA, or are sequence specific \tn 
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\seqsplit{Nucleotides} have: \seqsplit{deoxyribose} ring, \seqsplit{nitrogenous} base, phosphate group & Wilkins and Franklin used X-Ray \seqsplit{crystallography}, found DNA is a helix with even structure & \seqsplit{Eukaryotic} \seqsplit{chromosomes} are linear, have a; \seqsplit{centromere}, and telomeres & \seqsplit{Transcriptional} \seqsplit{regulators} bind \seqsplit{regulatory} sequences near promoters to block or stimulate \seqsplit{transcription} (eg lac operon in E.coli) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 13)
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Purines (adenine, guanine) have 2 rings, \seqsplit{pyrimidines} (cytosine, thymine, uracil) have 1 ring & Watson and Crick made a model: A-T and G-C hydrogen bonded base pairs, \seqsplit{antiparallel} strands, right handed double helix, one helical turn every 10.5 base pairs (3.4 nm), major and minor grooves & Bacteria have a smaller single circular \seqsplit{chromosome} & \seqsplit{Restriction} \seqsplit{endonucleases} are enzymes that cut DNA at specific \seqsplit{sequences.} Bacteria use them to restrict virus action, they can be used in the lab to \seqsplit{manipulate} DNA \tn 
% Row Count 49 (+ 20)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Structure (cont)}}  \tn
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DNA is written from 5' to 3' &  & Plasmids in \seqsplit{prokaryotes} can be passed between cells via \seqsplit{conjugation} & Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around to form \seqsplit{chromatin.} Not sequence specific \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{2 H bonds between adenine and thymine, 3 H bonds between cytosine and guanine} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA as Genetic Material}}  \tn
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{\bf{Chromosomal Inheritance}} & {\bf{Transforming Principle}} & {\bf{Hershey-Chase Experiment}} \tn 
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Sutton \& Boveri investigated where genetic material is carried using cytology, and microscopy & Griffith worked on S. pneumoniae; S strain are pathogenic (have capsule), R strain is not & \seqsplit{Bacteriophage} T2 inject genetic material inside E.coli, investigated what this material is \tn 
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Sutton used grasshoppers, Boveri used Ascaris worms \seqsplit{(roundworms).} Their chromosomes are large and few in number, making them easy to observe & When cell extract of dead S strain is injected to mice- no illness. When combined with live R strain and injected- illness & Labelled \seqsplit{bacteriophage} with radioactive isotopes. 32P for DNA, 35S for protein to deduce which is genetic material \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 11)
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Discovered chromosomes are important in reproduction and development & Bacteria are being transformed when combined, hereditary material is being passed & Allowed \seqsplit{bacteriophage} to inject unlabelled bacteria. Separated phage from bacteria using blender \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA as Genetic Material (cont)}}  \tn
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Discoveries matched those of Mendel's, and provided physical basis for his theories & Tested which molecule carries hereditary material, used enzymes which destroy specific molecules. & Centrifuged. Tested infected bacteria pellet with Geiger counter. \tn 
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Suggested different combinations of chromosomes could cause variation; discovered genes, and the linear structure of chromosomes & Discovered DNA is responsible for \seqsplit{transformation}. Gene coding for the capsule is passed to R strain from S strain, making them pathogenic & \seqsplit{Bacteriophage} labelled 32P had made the bacteria radioactive, indicating DNA is genetic material \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
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{\bf{Semi- \seqsplit{Conservative} Replication}} & {\bf{Process of Replication}} & {\bf{Enzymes for Replication}} & {\bf{Leading and Lagging Strands \& Telomeres}} \tn 
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DNA strands are \seqsplit{complementary} & DNA strands separate and are used as templates for new strands & \seqsplit{Polymerase} adds \seqsplit{nucleotides} in a 5' to 3' direction, needs primer to start & Leading strand is 5' to 3', while the lagging strand is 3' to 5' direction \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
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3 theories for \seqsplit{replication:} \seqsplit{conservative}, \seqsplit{semi-conservative}, \seqsplit{dispersive} & \seqsplit{Replication} fork- region where DNA is being copied & Primase generates primer (usually RNA), a small stretch of \seqsplit{nucleotides} in a 5' to 3' \seqsplit{direction.} Removed \seqsplit{afterwards} and the gap is filled in (by \seqsplit{polymerase)} & \seqsplit{Replication} in lagging strand leads away from fork and is \seqsplit{discontinuous}. Strand is primed many times, so Okazaki fragments form. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 16)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication (cont)}}  \tn
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Meselson- Stahl used nitrogen isotopes to test which theory is correct. Grew E.coli in 15N (to make heavy DNA) and \seqsplit{transferred} to 14N & Origin of \seqsplit{replication-} where the hydrogen bonds are broken and the strands are pulled apart so \seqsplit{replication} can start & Single stranded binding proteins separate the DNA strands and prevent \seqsplit{reannealing} & Primer removal at the end of Okazaki fragments causes erosion of genetic material, telomeres solve this \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
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Separated heavy and light DNA by \seqsplit{ultracentrifugation}, obtained a liquid gradient. & Humans have multiple origins of \seqsplit{replication}, E.coli have one & Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases and unwinds the helix & \seqsplit{Telomeres-} short stretches of \seqsplit{repetitive} DNA sequences at the end of \seqsplit{chromosomes}, some is lost after \seqsplit{replication} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
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Observed using UV light, after 1 \seqsplit{generation} DNA was hybrid. After 2+ \seqsplit{generations} it became lighter, proving \seqsplit{semi-conservative} \seqsplit{replication} & \seqsplit{Replication} is \seqsplit{bidirectional} & Ligase joins the stretches of DNA together into a single strand & Telomeres are effective where DNA needs to be passed on perfectly \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 14)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication (cont)}}  \tn
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 &  & \seqsplit{Topoisomerase} relieves pressure from \seqsplit{overwinding} around the \seqsplit{replication} bubble by making and resealing breaks in the DNA &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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