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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
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  /Title (unit-7-legality.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (UNIT 7 - LEGALITY Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{UNIT 7 - LEGALITY Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/47903/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INTRODUCTION}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The distinction between void and unenforceable contract:}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{a void}} contract has {\bf{legal consequences (obligations).}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{a unenforceable contract}} is {\bf{valid}} from the beginning but the obligations {\emph{cannot be enforced}} if against {\bf{{\emph{public policy and illegality.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Causes of Illegality}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) {\bf{statutory}} illegality} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) {\bf{common-law}} illegality} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{An underlying principle of the law is that agreements seriously entered into should be enforced. {\bf{{\emph{(sanctity of contract/pacta sunt servanda)}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Agreements contrary to {\bf{public policy}} cannot be enforced.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Public Policy}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{At its core, public policy is what government bodies {\bf{(national, provincial \& local)}} decides to do or not to do.} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{This includes elected officials {\bf{(presidents, mayors, and members of parliament)}}, appointed officials {\bf{(agency heads)}} and even courts.} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Public policy ensures that {\emph{private agreements}} do not harm society, undermine justice or {\bf{{\emph{violate constitutional values.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{No matter how two parties freely agree or how clearly they write their contract, a court can step in and declare it {\bf{{\emph{void or unenforceable}}}} if it goes against public policy.} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Agreements that are {\bf{{\emph{contrary to public are illegal}}}} and consequently, {\bf{{\emph{unenforceable by law.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INTRODUCTION (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The courts are saying: {\emph{"we value your right to make a contract, but we value the integrity of our legal system and well-being of society more. If your contract threatens that, we will not help enforce it."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EXAMPLES OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(1) Contracts that Waive Fundamental Rights}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{e.g. an employment contract where an employee agrees to work for less than the minimum wage.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(2) Exculpatory Clauses (Waivers of negligence)}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{e.g. a landlord trying to waive liability for all injuries caused by their failure to maintain safe premises.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(3) Contracts to Commit an Illegal Acts}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PUBLIC INTEREST}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Agreements that are contrary to {\bf{good morals {\emph{(contra bonos mores)}}}} or against public policy?} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- it is difficult to determine whether a contract is {\emph{against good morals}} or the public interest, because good morals and public policy may differ from time to time and from community to community.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{Sasfin (Pty) Ltd v Beukes 1989 (1) SA 1 (A)}}}} is the leading authority on when a court can declare a contract {\emph{void}} because it {\bf{{\emph{violates public policy.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SASFIN (PTY) LTD V BEUKES}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Parties:}}}} the case involved Sasfin, a {\emph{finance company}} {\bf{(the appellant)}}, and Dr. Beukes, a {\emph{medical specialist and anaesthetist}} {\bf{(the repondent).}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Agreements:}}}} In {\emph{February 1985}}, Dr. Beukes entered into a cession agreement with Sasfin.} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Dr. Beukes {\emph{ceded (transferred)}} to Sasfin all claims, rights of action, and receivables that were currently due or might become due to him in the future.} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Disputes:}}}} a dispute arose when Sasfin claimed Dr. Beukes had breached the discounting agreement and owed them money (around {\emph{R108,000}}). Sasfin then tried to enforce its rights under the {\emph{deed of cession}} to recover the debt by claiming all of Dr. Beukes' future earnings from his practice.} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{HIGH COURT (Court a quo):}}}} Dr. Beukes argued the cession was against public policy. The court {\emph{agreed and dimissed}} Sasfin's application, declaring the deed of cession {\bf{{\emph{invalid and unenforceable.}}}} Sasfin's was granted to leave to appeal.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PUBLIC INTEREST (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL:}}}} {\emph{"Agreements which are clearly inimical of the interest of the community, whether they are {\bf{contrary}} to law or morality, or run counter to social or economic expedience, will accordingly, on the grounds of public policy not be enforced."}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{NB -}} {\bf{{\emph{Sasfin (Pty) Ltd v Beukes}}}} stands for the proposition that while {\emph{freedom of contract}} is a cornerstone of our law, it is {\bf{not absolute.}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{interests of the community/society}} as a whole are of {\emph{paramount importance.}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Recognised public interests:}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- as far as possible, {\emph{contracting parties}} should have {\bf{{\emph{equal bargaining power.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- voluntarily concluded contracts should be complied with and enforced.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the safety of the State should be {\emph{preserved.}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- public service should function properly.} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the full exercise by persons of their {\emph{legal rights}} should not be interfered with.} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Barkhuizen v Napier:}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The correct approach in challenging the {\bf{constitutional validity}} of a contractual term is to determine whether the term is {\emph{contrary to public policy}} as informed by the {\bf{{\emph{constitutional values - particularly those contained in the Bill of Rights.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Conclusion, Performance and Object of Contract must be Lawful}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Contracts are {\bf{void}} because their mere conclusion is {\emph{contrary}} to {\bf{statutory provisions, good morals or public policy:}}} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- statutory prohibitions} \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{pacta (pactum) successoria}}}} - {\emph{(succession agreement)}}. A contract that aims to regulate how a person's estate will be inherited after their death.} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The contract itself {\bf{bypasses}} a will entirely and directly determines who will inherit the assets. {\bf{{\emph{(Clash with freedom of testation)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- agreements that {\emph{oust the jurisdiction}} of the courts.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{BARKHUIZEN V NAPIER}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The parties:}}}} Mr. Barkhuizen (the {\emph{insured}}) entered into a {\bf{short-term insurance contract}} with a syndicate of Lloyd's Underwriters, represented by Mr. Napier (the {\emph{insurer}}).} \tn 
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% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The contract:}}}} the policy insured Mr Barkhuizen's BMW motor vehicle against {\emph{loss or damge.}}} \tn 
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% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Time-Bar Clause (Clause 5.2.5.):}}}} the policy contained a {\emph{time-limitation clause}} which stated: {\emph{"if we reject liability for any claim made under this Policy we will be released from liability unless summons is served... within {\bf{90 days}} of repudiation."}}} \tn 
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% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The incident:}}}} on {\emph{24 November 1999}}, the vehicle was involved in an accident and damaged beyond repair. Mr Barkhuizen lodged a claim for R181,00 on {\emph{2 December 1999.}}} \tn 
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% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{On {\emph{7 January 2000}}, the insurer repudiated the claim, alleging that the vehicle was being used for business purposes contrary to the policy terms.} \tn 
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% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mr Barkhuizen only served summons on the {\emph{insurer}} on {\emph{8 January 2000}}, more than two years after the repudiation and long after the {\bf{90-day period}} had expired.} \tn 
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% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Finding:}}}} in the {\bf{High Court}}, ruled in favour of Mr Barkhuizen, finding the {\bf{90-day time-bar clause}} {\bf{{\emph{unconstitutional.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The SCA}}}}, in a unanimous judgement, overturned the {\emph{High court's decision}} and {\bf{{\emph{upheld}}}} the {\bf{time-bar clause.}}} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{ConCourt:}}}} {\emph{fairness, justice and reasonableness}} cannot be separated from public policy. Public policy takes into account the necessity to do simple justice between individuals, informed by the concept of {\bf{Ubuntu.}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{interests of the community/society}} as a whole are of {\emph{paramount importance.}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Recognised public interests:}}}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- as far as possible, {\emph{contracting parties}} should have {\bf{{\emph{equal bargaining power.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- voluntarily concluded contracts should be complied with and enforced.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the safety of the State should be {\emph{preserved.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- public service should function properly.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the full exercise by persons of their {\emph{legal rights}} should not be interfered with.} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Barkhuizen v Napier:}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The correct approach in challenging the {\bf{constitutional validity}} of a contractual term is to determine whether the term is {\emph{contrary to public policy}} as informed by the {\bf{{\emph{constitutional values - particularly those contained in the Bill of Rights.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Conclusion, Performance and Object of Contract must be Lawful}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Contracts are {\bf{void}} because their mere conclusion is {\emph{contrary}} to {\bf{statutory provisions, good morals or public policy:}}} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- statutory prohibitions} \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{pacta (pactum) successoria}}}} - {\emph{(succession agreement)}}. A contract that aims to regulate how a person's estate will be inherited after their death.} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The contract itself {\bf{bypasses}} a will entirely and directly determines who will inherit the assets. {\bf{{\emph{(Clash with freedom of testation)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- agreements that {\emph{oust the jurisdiction}} of the courts.} \tn 
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% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Performance in contracts must be legal:}}} \tn 
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% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- contracting with a party to commit a crime {\emph{(robbery, kidnapping, murder)}} or a {\bf{DELICT}}.} \tn 
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% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- where contract can be carried out in a {\bf{{\emph{lawful and unlawful}}}} manner: presumption is that it was intended to be carried out in a lawful manner.} \tn 
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% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{{\emph{purpose and object}}}} of the contract must be {\bf{lawful.}}} \tn 
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% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Examples of Illegal or Invalid Contracts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(A) Contracts against good morals:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- good morals refer to good behaviour in community.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Immoral and sexually reprehensible conduct: {\bf{{\emph{an agreement to pay a 'prostitute' for sexual intercourse or insurance of a brothel.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Maseko v Maseko}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\emph{plaintiff}} in order to protect her house against possible attachment by one of her creditors, agreed to marry the {\emph{defendent}}, transfer the house into his name and thereafter {\emph{divorced.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the {\emph{defendent}} undertook to re-transfer the house after the threat of attachment was over.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the {\emph{plaintiff}} was {\bf{never insolvent}} at any stage, but the court held that the agreement was illegal on {\bf{3 grounds:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) it was morally reprehensible because; {\bf{{\emph{it was designed to mislead potential or existing creditors as to the plaintiff's worth;}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) perpetuated fraud against the court in divorce proceedings.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) perpetuated fraud against the court in divorce proceedings.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{- court remarked that the first ground was both }}immoral{\emph{ and against }}public policy (interaction)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(B) Statutory Illegality:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Statute may {\bf{{\emph{prohibit certain types of agreements}}}} or the {\bf{{\emph{inclusion of certain provisions in an agreement.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Consequently, such agreements or provisions in an agreement will not have any legal force.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Contracts aimed at circumventing statute are {\bf{illegal}} and thus {\bf{void.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{s90 of the National Credit Act (NCA): Certain clauses in a credit agreement are illegal and there are remedies available.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{sever}} the unlawful contractual provision from the agreement;} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{alter}} the agreement to render it lawful; or} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{declare the agreement entirely unlawful}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{s51 of the Consumer Protection Act: prohibits a number of clauses in consumer contracts.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What if the statute does not expressly stipulate that a contract or contractual provision of a certain nature is {\emph{void}}? Then it ought to be determined whether the legislature impliedly intended the nature of an agreement or provision to be {\bf{void}}... HOW?} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Gambling and wagering}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{s16(1) of the National Gambling Act:}}}} bets arising from unlawful gambling activities are unenforceable and does not expressly state that {\bf{{\emph{wagering contracts are void.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- looking at the overall intention of the legislature, it seems it is implied that wagering contracts arising from unlawful gambling activities are {\emph{void.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- e.g. wagering contract - {\bf{Betway (sports betting)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(C) Pacta de quota litis, Champerty and Maintenance:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{These {\emph{3 terms}} are closely related concepts that lie at the intersection of {\bf{contract law, legal ethics, and public policy.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{They deal with the question of who can fund or profit from litigation and under what circumstances.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pacta de quota litis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is an agreement between lawyer and their client, made before the conclusion of the case, in which the lawyer's fee is set exclusively as a percentage of the proceeds from the lawsuit.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Key characteristics:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) the lawyer's right to payment depends entirely on the outcome (pure contingency fee).} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) the fee is calculated as a percentage of what the client recovers} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) if the case is lost, the lawyer receives nothing.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(4) the client owes nothing for the lawyer's services unless they win.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Maintenance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is when a 3rd party with no legitimate interest in a case improperly provides financial or other support to help one party prosecute or defend a lawsuit.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Key Characteristics:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) a 3rd party (the {\emph{"maintainer"}}) provides support} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) the {\bf{maintainer}} has no illegitimate interest in the case} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) the support enables the litigation to proceed} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(4) {\emph{unlike champerty}}, the maintainer does not necessarily expect a share of the proceeds.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(D) Unfair Contracts:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Contracts must be {\bf{{\emph{fair, reasonable \& just}}}} to the parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{unfairness and unreasonableness}} of the contract towards one of the parties and the interest they seeks... are taken into account.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Barkhuizen v Napier 2007 (5) SA 323 (CC)}}}} is the leading Constitutional Court case on the interface between constitutional rights (particularly the right of access to courts) and the {\emph{common law of contract.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- it establishes the framework for determining when a contractual term is {\emph{unenforceable}} because it violates public policy, as informed by the Constitution.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 68 OF 2008}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{S48(1)(a)}}}} prohibits a supplier from offering goods or services at an {\emph{unreasonable price}} or on terms that are {\bf{{\emph{unfair, unjust and unreasonable.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{S48(2)}}}} gives examples of {\emph{prohibited agreements and terms.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If a court finds that a contract is {\bf{{\emph{unconscionable, unjust, unreasonable or unfair}}}}, it may order that the money or goods be returned to the consumer or that the consumer be compensated his or her {\emph{losses, expenses, and court proceedings.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONSEQUENCES OF A CONTRACT THAT IS VOID}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- illegal contracts {\bf{cannot be enforced}} as they create no obligations.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- if illegality only affects a {\emph{part}} of the contract: the illegal part be severed from the rest of the contract in certain circumstances.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- where parties performed in {\emph{terms of a void contract:}} {\bf{{\emph{performance cannot be claim back where the parties are equally guilty}}}}, unless the court allows them.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Contract cannot be enforced {\emph{(ex turpi}} rule):}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{"From a dishonorable cause, no action arises."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- illegal contracts {\bf{{\emph{create no rights and obligations}}}} and thus {\bf{{\emph{cannot be enforced.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- if a party {\bf{{\emph{suffers damage as a result of an illegal contract,}}}} they {\bf{{\emph{cannot claim contractual damages}}}} from the other party {\emph{(ex turpi rule)}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- rule cannot be relaxed by the courts under any circumstances and there are {\bf{no exceptions}} to the rule.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- performance by either party to the contract does not make the agreement legal.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Severing the Illegal Part of a contract:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- sometimes a contract can be {\bf{partially illegal.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- courts have in certain instances allowed the {\bf{{\emph{illegal parts to be severed}}}} from the rest, thus permitting the remainder of the agreement to remain in force.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- in some instances the courts have refused: {\bf{{\emph{public policy required the entire contract to be declared void.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONSEQUENCES OF A CONTRACT THAT IS VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Whether or not an illegal part is severable from the rest of the agreement depends on the intention of the parties:}}}} see {\bf{Benlou Properties (Pty) Ltd v Vector Graphics (Pty) Ltd:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- illegal part of the contract is grammatically or notionally distinct from the rest of the agreement? e.g. illegal part form an {\bf{independent}} clause of the contract...} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- illegal part subsidiary or collateral to the main purpose of the contract, so if that it is removed, the {\bf{{\emph{substantive character}}}} of the contract remains unchanged} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{would the parties have entered into the contract}} without the illegal part?} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- All answered in the affirmative? The severability is possible.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Reclaiming performance that has been made in terms of an illegal contract {\emph{(par delictum rule)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In principle, {\emph{restitution}} of what has been performed must be granted.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{ownership of performance not passed:}}}} reclaim performance through {\bf{{\emph{rei vindicatio}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{ownership of performance passed:}}}} unjustified enrichment} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{par delictum rule:}}}} parties are {\bf{equally morally guilty}}, the one in a stronger position will prevent restitution from taking place.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rules based on Public Policy Considerations:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- court must not assist those who approach it with {\emph{'unclean hands'}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONSEQUENCES OF A CONTRACT THAT IS VOID (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- unlawful contracts should be discouraged} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rule can be relaxed due to Public Policy Considerations:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{e.g. if the rule {\emph{indirectly}} enforces an illegal contract, defendent will be enriched at the expense of the plaintiff, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EXTRA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{ILLEGAL CONTRACTS THAT ARE 'VALID' BUT UNENFORCEABLE}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- wagering and gambling contracts} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- agreements in {\bf{restraint of trade}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}