\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (unit-6-formalities.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (UNIT 6 - FORMALITIES Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{7ED3F2}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{EEF9FD}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{UNIT 6 - FORMALITIES Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/47902/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GENERAL RULE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are {\bf{{\emph{no prescribed formalities}}}} for the formation of a valid contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A contract can take any form - {\bf{{\emph{verbal, in writing}}}} or even {\bf{{\emph{tacit}}}} (e.g buying a newspaper)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Formalities are categorised as:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- self-imposed formalities} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- statutory formalities} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY STATUTES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Prescribed Formalities required for Validity:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981}}}} provides that a contract for the sale, exchange or donation of land should be {\emph{in writing}} {\bf{{\emph{(S2)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956 -}}}} contracts of suretyship must be {\emph{in writing}} and signed by or on behalf of the surety in order to be binding on the surety. {\bf{{\emph{(S6)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\&}} an {\emph{executory contract of donation}} must be {\emph{in writing}} and signed by or on behalf of the donor. If someone signs {\emph{on behalf of the donor,}} he must have {\bf{{\emph{written authority}}}} granted in the presence of {\bf{two}} witnesses. {\bf{{\emph{(S5)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Consequences of Non-compliance with the ALIENATION OF LAND ACT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{in terms of s28:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- non-compliance with the formalities renders the contract {\bf{{\emph{null and void}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- if only one party has performed in terms of a contract that does {\emph{not comply}} with the formalities, that performance can be {\bf{recovered.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{the buyer}} may {\emph{recover interest}} on payments made as well as {\bf{{\emph{compensation for necessary expenditure and useful improvements.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{the seller}} may claim compensation for the {\emph{occupation, use or enjoyment}} of the land by the purchaser. She may also {\bf{{\emph{claim compensation}}}} for any {\bf{{\emph{intentional or negligent damage}}}} to the land of the purchaser or any person in respect of whom she is responsible.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY STATUTES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Prescribed Formalities required for Enforcement against 3rd Parties:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) {\bf{{\emph{Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937-}}}} {\emph{antenuptial contracts}} must be notarially executed {\bf{{\emph{before}}}} the marriage and {\bf{{\emph{registered within 3 months}}}} from its execution to be {\emph{binding against 3rd parties.}} {\bf{{\emph{{[}s87(1){]}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) {\bf{{\emph{Leases of Land Act 18 of 1969-}}}} a long-term lease must be registered against the title deed of the land to be enforceable against 3rd parties. {\bf{{\emph{{[}s1(2){]}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Formalities in Electronic Contracts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) {\bf{{\emph{Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- document is in the form of data message and is accessible {\bf{(s12)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- in cases where the law requires the contract to be signed, the electronic document must be signed with an {\emph{'advanced'}} electronic signature {\bf{{\emph{(s13)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{provision does not apply to {[}s4(4){]}:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- alienation of land} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- long-term lease of {\emph{immovable property}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The Minister responsible for {\emph{consumer protection issues}} can prescribe categories of consumer agreements' that must be in writing {\bf{{\emph{{[}s50(1){]}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- any consumer agreement that is in writing will apply even if not signed by the consumer {\bf{{\emph{{[}s50(2)(a){]}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY STATUTES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the supplier must make a free copy of the {\emph{written agreement}} readily available to the consumer {\bf{{\emph{{[}s50(2)(a){]}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the written agreement must be in {\emph{plain and understandable}} language and must clearly set out the consumers' financial obligations under agreement {\bf{{\emph{{[}s50(2)(b)(i) \& (ii){]}.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{National Credit Act 34 of 2005:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the formalities for these agreements aim to prevent the exploitation of the consumers by reducing certain information to writing. {\bf{{\emph{(s93)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{consequences of non-compliance with formalities:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) non-compliance with the requirements stipulated in {\bf{{\emph{s93}}}} {\bf{does not}} render the contract void.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) they are not requirements for the validity of such contracts.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) instead, criminal penalties {\emph{(fines/imprisonment)}} may be imposed on the credit provider for non-compliance {\bf{{\emph{(s161)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Variation and Cancellation of a Contract}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A contract that is required by law to be in {\bf{writing}} may be {\bf{cancelled verbally}} {\emph{(unless the contract contains a 'non-cancellation issue').}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{However, }}}} any variation (ie changes to the agreement between the parties) of such a contract must, {\emph{as a general rule}}, also {\bf{{\emph{comply}}}} with the formalities prescribed by law.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Impala Distributors v Taunus Chemical Manufacturing Co (Pty) Ltd}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY STATUTES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{the court held:}}}} {\emph{"formalities prescribed by law generally require that the whole contract must be in writing. If there is a verbal variation of the contract, the whole contract will not be in writing and this would be contrary to the law. A verbal cancellation, however, will not be contrary to the law because cancellation of a contract does not amount to a variation of the contract."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY THE PARTIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Parties are free to agree on whatever formalities they wish}}}}, but at most, commonly required formalities are writing and signature.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It always depends on the intentions of the parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3 possible scenarios can be distinguished:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) the parties {\bf{agree}} that their agreement will {\bf{{\emph{not be binding}}}} unless and until it is reduced to {\emph{writing.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) the parties require their contract to be reduced to writing simply to {\emph{record their agreement.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) the parties may have a contract that is {\bf{{\emph{partly verbal}}}} and {\bf{{\emph{partly in-writing.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{The Parties can impose Formalities for the Following:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- valid {\bf{{\emph{formation}}}} (conclusion) of the contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- valid {\bf{{\emph{variation}}}} (change of the terms after conclusion) of the contract by a {\emph{non-variation clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- valid {\bf{{\emph{waiver of rights}}}} (the relinquishing of rights) by a {\emph{non-waiver clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- valid {\bf{{\emph{cancellation}}}} (agreement terminating all obligations) of the contract by a {\emph{non-cancellation clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Variation of a Contract}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Parties can vary a contract {\bf{{\emph{informally.}}}} Sometimes they prescribe formalities for the variation of the contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{A non-variation clause}}}} unduly restricts the parties' freedom to change their minds. The parties themselves agreed to the {\bf{{\emph{non-variation clause}}}} and should be bound by it.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY THE PARTIES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{The Shifren Principle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Facts:}}}} Shifren leased property to SA Sentrale. {\bf{Clause 11}} forbade any cession or sub-letting of the premises without the {\bf{{\emph{written consent}}}} of Shifren.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Legal Issue:}}}} was it possible impliedly to change {\bf{{\emph{clause 11}}}} in the light of the {\emph{non-variation clause}} {\bf{{\emph{(clause 19?)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Court Held:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- non-variation clauses are {\bf{valid and enforceable}} in our law.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- promotes certainty} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{does not limit freedom}} of contract but gives effect to it because the parties chose to include it in their contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- accordingly, a failure to enforce the {\emph{non-variation clause}} would undermine the principle of {\bf{{\emph{pacta sunt servanda.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Limiting the Shifren Principle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(a) Informal agreement is not a variation}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It may be possible to escape a {\emph{non-variation clause}} if the informal conduct is not a variation, but some other type of transaction. {\emph{For example - cancellation, waiver, {\bf{pacta de non petendo}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(b) Estoppel}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Estoppel}} is a {\emph{defence}} which may be used to {\bf{{\emph{prevent}}}} the other party from relying on the {\emph{non-variation clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{However,}}}} the defence of estoppel will {\bf{not succeed}} where parties have varied their contract by {\bf{{\emph{oral agreement.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY THE PARTIES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{(c) Public Policy}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{A non-variation clause}} may be unenforceable if it is against public policy.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Fraud exists where a party deliberately leads the other party to believe that he will not {\bf{enforce the written contract.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cancellation of a Contract}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Generally,}}}} parties can cancel a contract {\bf{{\emph{informal.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The parties can, however, {\emph{prescribe formalities}} for the cancellation of the contract, by way of a {\emph{non-cancellation clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{A non-cancellation clause}} can be {\bf{informally varied}}, unless the contract also contains a {\emph{non-variation clause.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Impala Distributors v Taunus Chemical Manufacturing Co (Pty) Ltd 1975 (3) SA 273 (T)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{court held:}}}} if it wasn't for the {\emph{non-variation clause}} the parties would have been free vary the {\emph{non-cancellation clause}} {\bf{informally}} by dropping the requirement of writing.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Non-Waiver Clause}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A {\emph{waiver}} is a {\bf{{\emph{deliberate abandonment}}}}, or {\bf{{\emph{surrender}}}} of an existing legal right by the right holder, acting with full knowledge of that right. {\emph{Waiver}} can be {\bf{{\emph{express or tacit (by conduct).}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If the conduct amounts to a waiver instead of a variation, {\emph{the non-variation clause}} will not apply to it. It is, however, difficult to distinguish between these two concepts.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMALITIES PRESCRIBED BY THE PARTIES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The main difference between a waiver and a variation is that:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{a waiver}} relates to the rights that have already accrued {\emph{(ie past obligations)}}, whereas;} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{a variation}} changes the future obligations of the parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}