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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (unit-5-contractual-capacity.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (UNIT 5 - CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{UNIT 5 - CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/47901/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID CONTRACT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{NB}} - a contract is an agreement (based on {\bf{{\emph{consensus}}}}) between legal subjects who have {\bf{{\emph{contractual capacity}}}} to do so and which is {\bf{{\emph{lawful}}}}, physically {\bf{{\emph{possible, certain}}}} and complies prescribed {\bf{{\emph{formalities}}}} reached with intention of creating a legal obligation with resulting {\emph{rights and duties.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LEGAL SUBJECTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Natural Persons} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Juristic Persons} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A legal subject is a {\emph{bearer of rights and duties.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Only}} legal subjects have contractual capacity.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{To reach valid consensus, all the parties to the contract must have the necessary {\emph{contractual capacity.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Requirements for contractual capacity:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) the ability to {\emph{form a will}}; and} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) the ability to act with {\emph{sound mind and judgement.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The party must be able to {\bf{understand}} the nature of the contract and the {\bf{consequences}} of entering into at the {\bf{time of entering}} into the contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Juristic Persons}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Has a separate legal personality and may contract in its own name. {\emph{However}}, its contractual capacity is not unlimited. It is shaped by:} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{formalities}}}} (statutory and internal compliance requirements)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID CONTRACT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{legality}}}} (lawful authority and lawful purpose)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Qaukeni and Others v F V General Trading CC 2010 (1) SA 356 (SCA)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Non-compliance with services procurement formalities.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{The SCA}} ruled that the contract was {\bf{{\emph{invalid}}}} and could not be {\emph{extended.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Natural Persons}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Contractual capacity - {\bf{{\emph{Age of majority \& sound mind}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Vallaro v Road Accident Fund 2021 (4) SA 302 (GJ)}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Facts:}}}} an advocate concluded a {\emph{Contingency Fee Agreement}} with an adult male with severely impaired mental faculties.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Court held:}}}} agreements entered into by persons who lack juristic capacity to do so is {\bf{void.}} No life can be breathed into an agreement that is {\emph{void}} by a curator through {\emph{ratification.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL PERSONS WITHOUT CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{This category of persons {\bf{cannot}} {\emph{appreciate}} the {\bf{{\emph{nature and consequences}}}} of their acts.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) {\bf{{\emph{Infans}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) Mentally ill persons} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) {\bf{{\emph{Intoxication:}}}} may result in the temporary loss of contractual capacity but only if the person was under the {\emph{influence of drugs/alcohol}} to a degree that he/she either did not know that he/she was {\emph{entering into an agreement.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Contracts are  {\bf{{\emph{VOID.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{BURDEN OF PROOF:}}  {\emph{he who alleges.}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MENTAL ILLNESS}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{S39(1)(a)}}}} purports to change common-law position if a person has been {\bf{{\emph{declared mentally incompetent.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In terms of this section, the contract is {\emph{only void}} if:} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- the supplier {\emph{'knew or could reasonably have determined'}} that there was a court order.} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{S39(2)}}}} further provides that the contract will be {\bf{valid}} if the mentally ill consumer created the {\bf{{\emph{impression}}}} that there was {\bf{{\emph{no limit}}}} on her {\emph{capacity to contract.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONS WITH LIMITED CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) Minors - {\bf{{\emph{7-18 years.}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) Married persons {\bf{{\emph{(ICOP)}}}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) {\bf{{\emph{Insolvent}}}} persons} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(4) Prodigals} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MINORS}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Assisted by parents/guardians.} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\emph{without}} assistance they obtain {\emph{rights}} {\bf{NOT}} {\emph{duties.}} e.g. acceptance of donation.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- contracts concluded without assistance are {\bf{{\emph{NOT VOID}}}} but {\bf{{\emph{voidable.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Emancipation of Minors}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Express or tacit}}}} general consent by parent/guardian for the minor to enter into specific type of agreements without obtaining {\bf{additional consent or assistance.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- rights and duties: minor {\bf{not}} parents} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{High Court (HC) (Upper Guardian) can consent}}}}: if parent/guardian refuses.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- can {\emph{set aside}} consent.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- minors {\bf{{\emph{bound by such consent}}}} but contract can be set aside if it can be shown that it was {\bf{{\emph{prejudicial}}}} to the minor {\emph{at the time of contracting.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Restitutio in integrum}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- an action to {\bf{return the parties to the position that they were in prior}} to contracting.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- can be done even if the {\emph{guardian assisted}}, if the contract was {\bf{{\emph{prejudicial}}}} to the minor.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- will be {\bf{{\emph{denied}}}} if the minor {\bf{{\emph{fraudulently}}}} pretended to be a {\emph{major}} at the time of the conclusion of the contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONS WITH LIMITED CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MARRIED PERSONS (ICOP)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Co-owners of the {\emph{joint estate}} in equal and undivided shares.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Parties can generally contract on {\emph{behalf}} of the joint-estate {\bf{{\emph{without consent.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{However, in certain transactions, the spouses' contractual capacity is limited by the MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY ACT 88 OF 1984. These include:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) {\bf{selling or pledging household furniture}}, or {\bf{donating}} any asset of the joint estate,} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) {\bf{withdrawing money}} from the other spouse's bank account, or {\bf{selling shares or investments {\emph{(written consent)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) {\bf{selling or encumbering}} {\emph{immovable property}} or {\bf{binding oneself}} as {\bf{{\emph{surety (written consent with TWO witnesses}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Transactions in the {\bf{{\emph{ordinary course of business}}}} of the other spouse's business are {\bf{exempted}} from this requirement.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{INSOLVENTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Insolvency {\bf{{\emph{does not}}}} affect contractual capacity.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Unless a {\emph{court order of insolvency}} places the person's estate under the {\bf{sequestration}} {\bf{{\emph{(S23 \& S24 of the INSOLVENCY ACT 24 OF 1936)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{{\emph{during sequestration,}}}} the insolvent person may still {\emph{validly}} enter into contracts, provided that the person does not {\emph{purport to dispose off any assets of the insolvent estate.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- furthermore, the insolvent person requires a {\bf{{\emph{written consent}}}} of the {\emph{trustee}} for any contract that is likely to {\emph{affect the insolvent estate {\bf{adversely}}}} {\bf{{\emph{(S23 \& S24 of the INSOLVENCY ACT)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONS WITH LIMITED CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PRODIGALS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A person who has been {\bf{{\emph{declared a prodigal}}}} by a {\emph{court of law}} has {\bf{{\emph{limited contractual capacity:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- needs to be {\bf{assisted}} by their {\emph{curator}} to conclude contracts.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\emph{without such assistance}}, a prodigal may contract {\bf{only}} to {\bf{{\emph{obtain rights}}}} but {\bf{{\emph{not incur duties.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A person who is incapable of {\emph{controlling their financial affairs}}, but {\bf{{\emph{has not}}}} been declared a prodigal, has {\bf{{\emph{full contractual capacity.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL PERSONS WITH FULL CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If a person does not fall into one of the other previous categories, then they are considered to have {\bf{{\emph{full contractual capacity.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- subject to various {\bf{statutory provisions}}, such as a {\emph{person who is {\bf{guilty of fraud}} being disqualified from being appointed as a company director.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{JURISTIC PERSONS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Juristic persons do have {\bf{contractual capacity,}} subject to:} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- entities such as {\bf{{\emph{partnerships and trusts do not have their own contractual capacity,}}}} but is is rather {\bf{{\emph{the contractual capacity of the partners and trusties}}}} which is relied upon.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- even juristic persons with contractual capacity {\bf{{\emph{need to have natural persons act on their behalf in the exercise of their contractual capacity.}}}} These natural persons in turn need to be {\emph{duly appointed}} representatives.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE STATE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The state and its various organs}}}} have {\bf{contractual capacity.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- state {\bf{cannot}} contract out of its {\emph{powers and responsibilities.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- its ability to contract {\bf{freely}} is {\bf{{\emph{limited}}}} owing to its various {\bf{regulations}}, most notably {\emph{tender procedures.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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