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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (theme-2-formation-of-a-contract-ktr211.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (Theme 2: Formation of a Contract (KTR211) Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Theme 2: Formation of a Contract (KTR211) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/47731/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 4th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MISTAKE IN A CONTRACTUAL SENSE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Where a contracting party acts while under an incorrect impression  regarding some other fact that relates to or affects the contract between the parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Declared Intention vs. Subjective Intention}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ All contracts are based on consensus between the parties to it. Often, the parties think that they are in agreement and have reached consensus, {\emph{but in fact are mistaken}}. If the contract is concluded and it later turns out that {\emph{it was based on the mistaken belief that a certain state of affairs existed when in fact it did not}}, the aggrieved party may want to opt out of the contract, or claim relief from the other party.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MISTAKE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Parties {\bf{APPEARED}} to have reached an agreement. However, one/both parties have different subjective intentions.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{CASUAL MISTAKE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Affects the mistaken party's decision to contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-The party would either:} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{a) have not contracted at all OR} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{b) would have contracted on different terms} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Relevant}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{NON-CASUAL MISTAKES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-The party would have still contracted regardless of the mistake} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Irrelevant}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MISTAKE IN MOTIVE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Only affects a party's {\emph{reasons}} for contracting} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Despite the mistake, there is still {\emph{subjective consensus}} between the parties on the {\emph{terms, parties and {\bf{animus contrahendi}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ESSSENTIAL (MATERIAL) MISTAKE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A mistake is {\emph{essential (material)}} if it is {\emph{casual}} AND it leads to {\emph{dissensus}} (a lack of subjective consensus) between the parties on any of the following aspects} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{a) Terms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{b) Parties,}} or} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{c) Animus Contrahendi}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{*Khan v Naidoo 1989 (3) SA 724 (N)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{TYPES OF MISTAKES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Unilateral Mistake}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Where only {\bf{{\emph{one party}}}} makes a casual mistake.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Effect:}} Dissensus {\emph{(lack of consensus)}}: {\bf{VOID}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mutual Mistake}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Both parties}}}} make casual mistakes, but they make different mistakes.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Effect:}} Dissensus: {\bf{VOID}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Common Mistake}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Both parties}}}} make the same mistake and the mistake is casual for both of them.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Effect:}} Consensus based on common false supposition {\bf{(STILL VOID)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{*Allen v Sixteen Stirling Investment (Pty) Ltd}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{*Shepherd v Farell's Estate Agency}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Material}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Goes to the heart of the contract} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Completely negates consensus} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) No contract can be said to have existed} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Non-Material}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Does not exclude actual agreement} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) A valid contract comes into existence} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) The contract is voidable (rescindable) if consensus was reached improperly: by way of {\emph{duress, undue influence or commercial bribery}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Material Mistake:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Parties must:} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) serious intention to contract;} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) be of one mind as to material aspects; and} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) be aware that all parties are of the same mind} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If one or more of the above is lacking = {\bf{MATERIAL MISTAKE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(a) Mistakes re parties to a contract}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{National and Overseas Distributors Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Potato Board 1958 (2) SA 473 (A)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(b) Mistakes re material terms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Allen v Sixteen Stirling Investments (Pty) Ltd}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(c) Lack of understanding of legal consequences of a contractual provision - usually unaware}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- where a party is mistaken as to the {\bf{{\emph{contents}}}} of the obligations that the parties wish to create. Any mistake arising therefrom is material.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Du Toit v Atkinson's Motors Bpk 1985 (2) SA 889 (A)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Non-material mistake:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Does not affect the consensus.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Error in motive:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Mistake regarding the reason/motive for the mistaken party agreeing.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mistake - The Roman System of Classification}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) error in {\bf{{\emph{corpore:}}}} mistakes can relate to the subject matter of the contract {\bf{(material)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) error in {\bf{{\emph{negotio:}}}} mistake re the true nature of the contract. *Khan v Naidoo 1989 (3) SA 724 (N). {\bf{(material)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) error in {\bf{{\emph{persona:}}}} mistake re the identity of one of the parties to the contract. {\bf{(sometimes material)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(4) error in {\bf{{\emph{substantia:}}}} mistake re an attribute or characteristic of the subject matter of the contract, i.e. it does not render the contract void. {\bf{(usually not regarded as a material mistake)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(5) error in {\bf{{\emph{motive:}}}} mistakes as to the party's reasons for entering into the contract. {\bf{(not material)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Kok v Osborne 1993 (4) SA 788 (SE)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The seller accepted an offer ostensibly made by two buyers jointly. However, the offer was actually from only one buyer. It was clear that the defendant in that instance would not have accepted the offer had he known the true position {\bf{{\emph{(error in persona)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{HOWEVER}}... in {\emph{Venter and Others v Credit Guarantee Insurance Corporation of Africa Ltd. 1996 (3) SA 966 (SCA)}} - error in {\bf{{\emph{persona}}}} is material only if the identity of a party is of vital importance to the mistaken party.} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{JUSTUS ERROR}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) material error} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) reasonable error} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Allen v Sixteen Stirling Investments (Pty) Ltd.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Sonap Petroleum SA (Pty) Ltd (formally known as Sonarep (SA) (Pty) Ltd) v Pappadogianis.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{FACTS:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{S and P entered into a finance lease. The agreement was supposed to provide for a lease of the premises for a period of 20 years, after which P would be the owner of the property. However, when S submitted the written offer to P, the period of the lease was accidentally given as 15 years instead of 20 years. P, fully aware of the discrepancy, readily accepted as the 15-year lease period as it meant that he would acquire ownership of the property sooner. When S realised the mistake and tried to change the lease period to 20 years, P refused.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 11)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{COURT HELD:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{S was the mistaken party, since its declaration (the written contract of lease of 15 years) differed from its true intention (that it wanted to lease the property for 20 years). There was therefore a misrepresentation of contractual intention by S. However, P knew that S wanted to lease the property for 20 years and not 15 years. P had not honestly relied on the impression created by S signing the contract. P was 'snatching at the bargain' - even though he knew what S' true intention was, he was trying to enforce the written contract. S was not bound by the written contract because there was no reliance by P.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rectification:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- sometimes, when committing negotiated terms to a written format, a failure to correctly indicate the common intention of the parties occurs. (unintentional)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- remedy for correcting mistakes in written contracts.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- generally, parties can correct themselves (by agreement) or simply perform as per the correct intention.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(1) in the event of a dispute - a party may apply to court for rectification or correction of the written document - allows for the correct actual common intention of the parties to be reflected} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(2) where a person applies to court to 'rectify' a contract that he has entered into, he is asserting that the written contract, as it stands, does not accurately reflect the true intention of the parties, and he is asking the court to order that the contract be rephrased so as to accurately reflect the true mutual agreement of the parties at the time they entered into their agreement.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(3) remedy available only where all the parties to the contract were in fact of one mind, but the written contract failed to accurately express their consensus.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(4) rectification is therefore not a remedy that is available where only one or some of the parties were under a misapprehension or mistaken impression} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ABSENCE OF CONSENSUS - MISTAKE (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(5) rectification does not create a new contract, nor does it amend an existing contract; it merely serves to correct the written memorial of the agreement so as to accurately express the true intention of the parties. {\emph{(Boundary Financing Ltd v Protea Property Holdings (Pty) Ltd {[}2009{]} (3) SA 447 (SCA))}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Who may apply?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A party to an incorrectly recorded agreement.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 91
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{When can you apply (under what circumstances)?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 92
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Document does not reflect the true intentions of the parties - {\emph{bona fide}} mistake.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 93
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{What does one need to prove/show?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 94
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Document does not reflect the common intention of the parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{IMPROPERLY OBTAINED CONSENSUS}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Duress} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Misrepresentation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) Undue influence} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Bribery of an agent} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The contract is deemed {\bf{{\emph{voidable}}}} at the instance of the innocent party} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Contract deemed to be valid until misrepresentation, coercion, or undue influence is proven.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DURESS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Occurs when a party is induced to enter into the contract by {\bf{{\emph{compulsion (pressure/coercion)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Improper pressure leading to intimidation} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If one enters into a contract under duress, doing so because of fear as a result of an {\emph{illegitimate threat}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- A contract obtained by improper means is {\bf{{\emph{voidable at the option of the threatened party}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The threatened party may set aside and {\emph{claim restitution and damages}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elements:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Broodryk v Smuts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Actual violence (physically occurring/in progress) or reasonable fear} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Caused by threats of some considerable evil to the party or his family} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) It must be a threat of an imminent or inevitable threat} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4) The threat or intimidation must be {\bf{{\emph{contra bonos mores}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5) The {\emph{moral pressure}} used must have caused 'damage' {\emph{(causation)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{IMPROPERLY OBTAINED CONSENSUS}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Coercion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{vis compulsive -}}}} coercion of the will (not physical force).} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Coercion operates on the mind of the victim}} by forcing him/her to choose between entering the contract or suffering harm} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Actual Violence/Reasonable fear}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Threat must be sufficiently grave to affect the mind of a reasonably steadfast person} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The more unreasonable the fear, the greater will be the reluctance of the court to accept that it actually induced the contract} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Subjective factors - {\emph{age, personal circumstances, etc.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Paragon Business Forms (Pty) Ltd v Du Preez}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The case dealt with the scenario where a former employee had alleged that he felt that he had no option but to sign an agreement containing a restraint of trade. The threat of dismissal was not expressed. The court there believed that there was no threat of dismissal and the alleged fear by the respondent was {\emph{illogical and unreasonable}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Actual Violence:}} X punches Y until agrees to sell his cellphone to him} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Reasonable Fear:}} X threatens to punch Y until Y sells his cellphone to him} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Threats of some Considerable Evil to the Party or his Family/Object of the threat}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The threat must be directed at {\bf{{\emph{life, bodily integrity, liberty, or property, or the immediate family}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{IMPROPERLY OBTAINED CONSENSUS}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Some courts have indicated that {\emph{there must be {\bf{proof of protest at the time}} or entry into the contract to prove}} the involuntary nature of the transaction} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If no protest, relief can still be granted if there is satisfactory evidence to establish that the contract was concluded as a result of duress} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Imminence of Harm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The threat must be {\bf{{\emph{imminent or inevitable}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Courts have shown - if threatened harm is neither "imminent or inevitable" - {\bf{{\emph{show that the threatened party has no reasonable or acceptable alternative available other that succumbing to the threat by entering the contract}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{imminent:}}}} about to happen} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{inevitable:}}}} no way to prevent it} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Unlawfulness of the Threat}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{contra bones mores}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Test:}}{\emph{ the legal convictions of the community (BOE Bank Bpk v Van Zyl)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The threat to bring civil action is not unlawful.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Threat to institute criminal proceedings - threat is unlawful if it is used to extort a benefit to which the creditor is not entitled or if the debtor is innocent of the alleged crime} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Damage}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Financial Loss.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Broodryk v Smuts}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The person alleging duress must show they have {\emph{become subject to obligations that they would not have otherwise have incurred}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{IMPROPERLY OBTAINED CONSENSUS}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Fundamental Duress:}}}} party would not have contracted} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Incidental Duress:}}}} party would have contracted on the different terms} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{UNDUE INFLUENCE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A form of {\bf{improper pressure}} brought to bear upon a person to induce him/her to enter into a contract} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Pressure is more {\bf{subtle}} here - erosion of the innocent party's ability to exercise a free and independent judgement} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A close relationship between parties exists, e.g., {\bf{doctor/patient, attorney/client, parent/child, religious leader/discipline, etc.}} {\emph{*}}the other party abuses the relationship*} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elements:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Patel v Grobbelaar}}*} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) The aggrieved person was subjected to influence by another} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) The influence weakened the aggrieved person's capacity to resist and rendered the aggrieved person {\emph{pliable}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3) The other person exploited this influence unscrupulously to persuade the aggrieved person to agree to a transaction which was both to the aggrieved {\bf{{\emph{person's detriment (prejudicial) AND was a transaction that would not have been concluded had the aggrieved person acted of their own free will }}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Onus}} of the party alleging undue influence is to prove it occured.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}