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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
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  /Title (the-law.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (THE LAW Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{THE LAW Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/47866/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{QUESTIONS ON THE NATURE OF LAW}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Law is made {\bf{{\emph{for and by the people.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is not cast in stone and it isn't elevated above criticism. It is also being constantly created.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{"It is thus not a completed monument from which you must only lift a veil, but rather an unfinished statue which you must help complete."}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{WHY DO WE HAVE THE LAW}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Much has been written philosophically about why we have laws and what {\emph{'the law'}} is.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In general, there is no single or correct answer to this question.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{We do know that the law presupposes a SOCIETY.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{E.G.}} {\bf{{\emph{one person:}}}} no need for rules or laws.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{two persons:}}}} certain rules will have to be laid down to facilitate peaceful and productive interaction between the two people - more than one person will have a claim to existing resources.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{group of people:}}}} cannot necessarily agree on rules among themselves on a continuous basis. A need then arises for some kind of {\emph{structure of authority or government that will make rules for the whole society.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{N.B.}} adherence to these rules has come be known as {\bf{{\emph{'the RULE OF LAW'}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{How do we justify the RULE OF LAW?}} - philosophers sometimes find the justification for these rules and authority {\bf{{\emph{(the rule of law)}}}} in the idea of a {\bf{SOCIAL CONTRACT}} into which people have entered.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: HOBBES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)}} was an English philosopher.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- best known for his {\emph{1651}} book {\bf{{\emph{Leviathan}}}}, in which he expounds on the influential formulation of the {\bf{{\emph{social contract}}}} theory. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including {\bf{history, jurisprudence, geometry, theology, and ethics}}, as well as {\bf{philosophy}} in general. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern {\bf{political philosophy}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{What would a society without law look like?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{According to {\bf{{\emph{Hobbes,}}}} it would be a {\emph{state of nature}}. In such a state, humans act in {\bf{{\emph{self-interest}}}} and are ruled by {\bf{{\emph{instinct and freedom}}}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Chaos will reign until reason leads people to realise that such a state is {\bf{unsustainable}} - groups of people realise that if they do not order society, they would exist in a state of uncertainty.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Therefore:}}}} people decide to enter into a {\bf{{\emph{SOCIAL CONTRACT}}}} - each person gives up their unlimited freedom in order to have a {\emph{peaceful co-existence. }}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In exchange for {\emph{sacrificing unlimited freedom}} in a state of nature, they receive the {\bf{guarantee of protection and order }} from their leaders.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Fear of their own destruction}} makes it possible for individuals to accept the authority of their ruler{\emph{(government/state)}}. The ruler lays down the {\emph{legal rules}} that people must follow and they've agreed to.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: HOBBES (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{According to some thinkers, it is only once such a society comes into being that we can start talking about the concepts of {\bf{civilisation and the law.}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: LOCKE}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)}} was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most {\emph{influential of {\bf{Enlightenment}} thinkers}} and commonly known as the {\bf{{\emph{'father of liberialism'}}}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{He is equally important to {\bf{SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY}}{\emph{. His work greatly affected the development of {\bf{}}epistemology and political philosophy.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{His writings influenced {\bf{{\emph{Volataire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau,}}}} and many {\bf{Scottish Enlightenment thinkers}}, as well as the *American revolutionaries.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{His contributions to {\emph{classical republicanism and liberal theory}} are reflected in the United States' {\bf{*Declaration of Independence}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Internationally, Locke's political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence on the theory and practice of limited representative government and the {\emph{protection of basic rights and freedoms}} under the {\bf{{\emph{RULE OF LAW.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Locke took a more optimistic view of the human nature than {\emph{Hobbes' {\bf{state of nature}}}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{According to {\bf{{\emph{Locke}}}}, the {\emph{original condition}} is NOT one of a state of nature {\bf{{\emph{(that is chaotic and ruled by self-interest)}}}}, as humans are governed from the beginning by {\bf{{\emph{reason and the aim to live peaceful and stable lives.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In a {\emph{natural state}}, all people are equal and independent, and everyone has a {\emph{natural right}} to defend his {\bf{{\emph{"life, health, liberty, or possessions."}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: LOCKE (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{HOWEVER -}}}} without {\emph{fixed and ascertainable rules}} that can be applied {\bf{{\emph{impartially}}}}, conflicts cannot be resolved. As such, people enter into a social contract whereby they submit to the authority of the state. The state is allowed to {\bf{make and enforce rules.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Like {\emph{Hobbes}}, Locke thus assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature or the natural state was not enough, and people therefore established a {\emph{civil society}} to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from a government.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: RAWLS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{JOHN RAWLS (1921-2002) was an American political philosopher in the }}liberal tradition.**} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{His theory of {\emph{justice as fairness}} describes a society of free citizens holding basic rights and cooperating within an {\bf{{\emph{egalitarian economic system.}}}} His theory of {\bf{political liberalism}} explores the legitimate use if political power in a democracy and envisions how {\emph{civic unity}} might endure despite the diversity of worldviews that free institutions allow.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{His writings on the law of people sets out a {\emph{liberal foreign policy}} that aims to create a permanently {\bf{{\emph{peaceful and tolerant international.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Rawls}} built on {\bf{SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY}} but deviated from it.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- He used a hypothetical position of people {\bf{(the parties to the social contract)}} behind a {\bf{{\emph{'veil of ignorance'}}}} to explain the acceptance of a just theory.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Behind the veil, everyone is {\emph{ignorant of their specific position in society}}, not knowing their {\bf{{\emph{talents, gender, language, or economic position.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Because they are in this {\bf{'original position'}}, people would agree to terms in the social contract that are MOST JUST to all in society.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AFRICAN PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE OF SOCIAL CONTRACT}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY}} originated in {\emph{Western philosophical conceptions}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Different societies have {\emph{different justifications}} for the law's existence.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{African philosophical}} conception of the law emphasises that the social contract requires 2 things:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(1) Separated individuals in the original position}}, and} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{(2) An imagined agreement between those individuals}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{An {\emph{African}} understanding of the law deviates from both of these requirements.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Rather, human beings are born into a world of {\bf{{\emph{ethical relations and obligations}}}}, where we owe duties to other people, and they owe duties to us.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Individuals are important; but they cannot escape the fact that they are born into a community from which {\emph{they can never be truly separated.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It involves a {\bf{{\emph{recognition}}}} {\emph{(not of an agreement with a rule or state) that all of us must respect one another's }}dignity* by virtue of our common humanity.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{UBUNTU}}}} - {\emph{I am because you are/ a person is a person because of other persons.}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAW}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{We can discern that the following appears the characteristics of the law:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Body of {\bf{Rules and Principles}} facilitating and regulating human interaction.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- It {\bf{orders society}} and gives some {\bf{degree of certainty.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The rules are often applied or interpreted by {\bf{institutions of state (authority).}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The {\bf{contents of the law}} depends on the history of the specific country or people concerned.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Law is an integral part of our lives: We have become used to living with the law and being subject to legal regulation that we barely even notice it.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Law functions to ensure order in the {\emph{relationships and interactions}} between people and things in society.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A lawless country would be marked by {\bf{{\emph{arbitrariness, inequality, uncertainty, unfairness, unreasonableness and self-interest}}}}; conflict-ridden in which those with the most physically, financially or otherwise powerful would rule.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Thus}} - law maintains {\emph{order and justice}} in the community, making it possible for persons with different and competing interests to live together.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It establishes a {\emph{myriad of human relationships-}} from {\bf{domestic partnerships and marriage}} to ties between {\bf{business and trading partners}}; the relationship between {\emph{people and the state}} and the relationship between {\emph{people and objects/things}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The law does this specifying the {\bf{nature and extent}} of {\bf{{\emph{rights, duties, powers and immunities}}}} arising in these relationships.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAW (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It also establishes {\emph{authoritative systems}} of conflict resolution - describes how disputes should be resolved.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE LAW \& IDEOLOGY}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Law should be more than {\emph{decrees and rules}} enforced by state power.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In a democracy, it should reflect the shared values of the {\bf{majority of the population}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Underlying any legal system, {\bf{is an ideology}}; a value system} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Economic Values-}} free market capitalism and socialism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Political Values-}} democracy/ one-party \seqsplit{authoritarian/dictatorship}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Social Values-}} achievement of equality/maintenance of class differences} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Moral Values-}} conservative/ permissive/liberal} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LAW, IDEOLOGY \& LEGITIMACY}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{When the law/legal system does not reflect *shared values (economic, political, social, moral) = {\bf{LEGITIMACY CRISIS:}} members of society lose their belief and confidence in the legal system.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Apartheid South Africa}} - majority of South Africans had no voting rights = {\bf{legitimacy crisis}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Due to the fact that the law is {\emph{underpinned by ideology}}, it is possible to give differing explanations of {\emph{what the law is and should be.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{People with {\emph{differing ideological beliefs}} come up with {\emph{differing explanations}} of what the law is and should be.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL LAW \& POSITIVISM}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE LAW \& JUSTICE: GENERAL}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{From the earliest times, justice was regarded as {\bf{{\emph{an ideal for any legal system.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Justice}} does not have fixed content or meaning. There a myriad of different perspectives on what justice entails - something that humans have reflected on and philosophised about for centuries.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The Ancient Greek philosopher {\bf{{\emph{Aristotle}}}} drew a distinction between {\bf{distributive justice}} and {\bf{corrective justice.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Distributive Justice}} means that there must be an equal distribution among {\bf{equals.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Corrective Justice}} aims at {\bf{{\emph{restoring inqualities.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Equality}} is usually and essential {\bf{{\emph{element of justice.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ADJECTIVE (PROCEDURAL)/SUBSTANTIVE (MATERIAL)}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Procedural Law:}} comprised of the {\emph{legal rules and processes}} according to which a court reaches its decision or solution.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Substantive Law:}} consists of the {\bf{{\emph{material legal rules.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{*Our legal process strives towards {\bf{formal/procedural}} justice in the following respects:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- it arises from the overriding principles that {\emph{like cases must be treated alike.}} The system of precedent is the {\emph{judicial instrument}} which ensures this. {\bf{Criminal Procedure}} regards an accused person as innocent until proven guilty. The process requires that {\bf{{\emph{both sides be heard, a person must appear before court within a reasonable time, and that no force or undue influence may be used to induce an accused to confess to a crime.}}}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL LAW \& POSITIVISM (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{S35 of the Constitution with respect to Criminal Law}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Material Law}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The content of material law/legal rules does not necessarily coincide with justice.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{E.G.}} {\bf{{\emph{The Groups Areas Act 42 of 1950}}}} embodied social injustice - *system of racial influx control that led to the disintegration if families and introduced other social evils.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The essence of {\bf{justice and equality}} was negated through legislation {\emph{(material law)}} - only certain sections of the community were adversely affected.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LEGAL POSITIVISM \& NATURAL LAW}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Should the law embody justice to qualify as law?} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Legal Positivism:}} legal positivists answer the question of the law by referencing that {\emph{which "is"}} and not that which {\emph{it ought to be}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{According to this approach, it is {\emph{irrelevant whether the law is fair or just}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Morality and law}} are distinctly {\emph{separate}} from each other; law is set down in statute books, in rules and in court decisions.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Only rules that are given the {\emph{force of positive law}} (by the relevant authority)* can be regarded as law.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} an approach to law where laws are recognised as valid if they have been enacted by the {\emph{sovereign}}, {\bf{{\emph{regardless of whether they are fair or just.}}}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL LAW \& POSITIVISM (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{According to {\bf{legal positivism}}, judges have an almost {\emph{mechanical function}} merely to {\bf{{\emph{apply the law: ius dicere non facere ("judges speak the law; they do not create it")}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Natural Law}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In direct contrast to positivism.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Law has a {\emph{moral dimension}} - the law is not only that which is promulgated (given positive content), but what {\bf{ought to be.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Moral code or a set of moral principles}} that exist irrespective of human interaction or positive law.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Higher norms}} against which human positive law can be judged.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If positive law conflicts with these norms, {\bf{{\emph{it is unjust.}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{UNJUST LAW = NOT LAW}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The legality of legal rules for natural lawyer depends on the {\emph{moral content}} of laws.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} an approach to law where laws are recognised as valid only if they comply with universal principles of morality and justice.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The phrase {\emph{'natural law''}} indicates that these norms are found in the harmony and order of nature a or in human nature.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{They apply universally, for all times and places. {\emph{No legislature}} is necessary to impose them or give them content.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Passive disobedience; civil disobedience}} - must a legal rule be obeyed even if it is regarded as unfair or unjust?} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}