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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (learning-unit-2-incomplete-crimes.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (LEARNING UNIT 2 - INCOMPLETE CRIMES Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{LEARNING UNIT 2 - INCOMPLETE CRIMES Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/44190/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 22nd August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO1: Explain the need for punishing incomplete crimes with reference to the THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{RATIONALE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The reason for punishing this anticipatory conduct must be found rather in the {\bf{relative theories of punishment,}} and more especially in the {\bf{{\emph{preventive and reformative theories.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The police are better able to uphold the law and protect the community if they may apprehend criminals who have as yet committed only acts which normally precede the commission of crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Maintenance of law and order would suffer seriously if police were unable to intervene when they saw people preparing to commit crimes, but could take action against them only once the harm had been done.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The reason for the application of the {\bf{{\emph{reformative theory}}}} in this connection is that people who commit these anticipatory crimes are as much of a danger to society as those who have completed a crime, and therefore are in need of {\bf{{\emph{reformative treatment}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO2: Summarise the rules relating to the REQUIREMENTS for punishing an attempt to commit a crime}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Mere intention to commit a crime is not punishable} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} One is liable once they have committed an act - once a resolve to commit a crime manifests itself in some conduct} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} {\bf{HOWEVER,}} there does not have to be completed crime before X may be guilty of attempt.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SUMMARY OF RULES RELATING TO ATTEMPTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1)}} A person is guilty of attempting to commit a crime if, intending to commit that crime, she {\bf{{\emph{unlawfully}}}} engages in conduct that is not merely preparatory but has reached at least the commencement of the execution of the intended crime} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2)}} A person is guilty of attempting to commit a crime even though:} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The commission of the crime is impossible, if it would have been possible in the {\bf{{\emph{factual circumstances}}}} which she believes exist.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} She voluntarily withdraws from its commission after her conduct has reached the commencement of the execution of the intended crime} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO3: Discuss the four forms of attempt \& indicate whether a subjective or objective approach is followed with each form.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{COMPLETED ATTEMPT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X has done everything she can to commit the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{INTERRUPTED ATTEMPT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X's actions are interrupted} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ATTEMPT TO COMMIT THE IMPOSSIBLE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is impossible for X to {\bf{{\emph{commit or complete the crime}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOLUNTARY WITHDRAWAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X of her own accord abandons her {\bf{{\emph{PLAN OF ACTION}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SUBJECTIVE \& OBJECTIVE APPPROACHES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Subjective approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Place all emphasis on X's intention - converting her evil thoughts into actions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Objective approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mere intention is not enough} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{To determine liability for attempt to commit the impossible, our law adopts a subjective approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Liability for {\bf{interrupted}} is determined ito {\bf{OBJECTIVE APPROACH}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An {\bf{OBJECTIVE APPROACH}} is also applicable if X voluntarily withdraws from her criminal scheme} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{COMPLETED ATTEMPT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If X has done everything she set out to do in order to commit the crime, but the crime is not completed, she is then {\bf{{\emph{guilty of attempt}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO4: Indicate when a person's conduct is no longer an "act of preparation" but has reached the "commencement of the execution or consummation" stage on relation to interrupted attempt}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X's activities are interrupted before she can succeed in completing the crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Courts have developed a objective criteria for differentiating between {\bf{{\emph{punishable \& non-punishable}}}} attempts} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The criterion provides a distinction between:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Acts of preparation} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} One of execution or consummation} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If what X did was merely a preparation for the crime, there is no attempt} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} if the acts were more than acts of preparation \& were in fact acts of consummation, {\bf{{\emph{X is guilty of attempt}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Material Facts in Deciding whether there was a "commencement of the consummation":}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} X's physical proximity to the object or scene of the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Interval of time between the moment when X was caught and expected completion of crime} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The question of what natural course of events was likely to have been and whether X was likely in control of events} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Whether X still had the opportunity/time to change her mind about going ahead with the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{how courts distinguish between an act of preparation (whether X is not guilty of attempt) and an act of consummation (in which X is guilty of attempt)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{A) MERE ACTS OF PREPARATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X merely prepares the poison which means to administer to Y later when she gets apprehended} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{B) ACTS OF CONSUMMATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1)}} X qualifies to be convicted of attempt} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2)}} X, trying to escape from custody, breaks the glass and wooden frame of the window in her cell} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3)}} X, trying to break into a house, puts a key into a door} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO7: Identify the 3 REASONS why conduct would constitute an attempt to commit the impossible}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ATTEMPT TO COMMIT THE IMPOSSIBLE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The action is no longer merely an act of preparation but has passed the boundary line separating the {\bf{'COMMENCEMENT OF THE CONSUMMATION'}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(1)}} X uses the wrong means to achieve her aim} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(2)}} X lacks the qualities required in the definition of the crime to commit the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(3)}} X intending to kill Y, shoots at Y while Y is lying in her bed. Unknown to X, Y has already died from a heart attack before the shots were fired.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PUTATIVE CRIME}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{a crime that does not exist, but which X believes it does}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In {\bf{{\emph{Davies,}}}} the court formulated {\bf{2 EXCEPTIONS}} to the general rule that 'attempt' to commit the impossible is punishable.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(1)}} a statutory crime may exclude liability for attempt in circumstances that would be impossible to achieve the criminal aim} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(2)}} If what the accused was aiming to achieve was not a crime an endeavor to achieve it could not} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} By mistake of law, he thought that his act was criminal, constitute an attempt to commit a crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{VOLUNTARY WITHDRAWAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} There is no punishable attempt if X voluntarily withdraws from her criminal plan of action, before the conduct constitute the commencement of the consummation} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: ATTEMPT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Question is whether a withdrawal after this stage but before completion of the crime constitutes a defence to a charge of {\bf{{\emph{attempt}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Voluntary withdrawal after the commencement of the consummation is no defence} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THEREFORE}} X will be guilty of attempt} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Criticism of Punishment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Withdrawal takes place after the first harm has already been done.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the attempt ought to be punishable} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the position is different if X withdraws before having conflicted any harm or damage} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{INTENTION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A person can be guilty of attempt to commit a crime if only she had the intention to commit that particular crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{'Intention'}} bears the same meaning as intention to commit the completed crime and {\bf{{\emph{dolus eventualis}}}} is therefore sufficient} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neglect attempt is notionally impossible:} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} {\emph{one cannot attempt, intend to be negligent}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THEREFORE}} there is no such thing as 'attempt to commit culpable homicide'} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A lessor punishment is usually imposed for attempt than for the completed crime} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{From the {\bf{RETRIBUTIVE THEORY OF PUNISHMENT}} - either no harm or less harm has been caused.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 2: CONSPIRACY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LO10: Define the crime conspiracy as contained in S18(2)(A) OF RIOTOUS ASSEMBLIES ACT 17 OF 1956}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PROHIBITION OF CONSPIRACY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Punishable ito {\bf{section 18(2)(a) of Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The crime of conspiracy is not limited to acts relating to riotous assemblies} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The definition is wide enough to cover conspiracy to commit any crime} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PURPOSE OF PROHIBITION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Conspiracy is the consideration that the mere agreement by a number of people to commit a crime, even though the conspiracy is not executed, creates a danger to society} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{the will of many people to commit a crime is a greater potential danger than the will of a single person to commit a crime}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SUCCESSFUL CONSPIRACY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} {\bf{S18(2)(a)}} does not differentiate between a successful conspiracy, and one not followed by any further step towards the commission of the crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} It is possible to charge and convict a person of contravening this provision even if the crime envisaged has in fact later been committed} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{there is an absolute prohibition on the state to charge someone with conspiracy if the main crime has in fact been committed.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THE ACT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{a)}} the actual entering into an agreement} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 2: CONSPIRACY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{b)}} implied conspiracy} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{c)}} mere knowledge is not enough} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{d)}} umbrella spoke conspiracy} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{e)}} chain conspiracy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{f)}} direct communication between all conspirators not required} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{g)}} general aspects of the act of conspiracy} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{INTENTION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Intention may be divided into {\bf{2 COMPONENTS:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(1)}} X must have the intention to conspire with another, and} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(2)}} she must intend to commit a crime or assist in its commission} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{If X sells Y an article knowing full well that Y will use it to commit a crime, her mere knowledge will not constitute conspiracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ITO {\bf{s18(2) of the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956,}} the conspirator is liable to the same punishment as the person convicted of committing the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{a lighter punishment ought to be imposed for conspiracy than the main crime}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: INCITEMENT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PROHIBITION OF INCITEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} incitement to commit is punishable ito {\bf{*s18(2) of the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the section speaks of 'incites, instigation, commands or procures' which will be referred to as {\bf{{\emph{'incitement'}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SUCCESSFUL \& UNSUCCESSFUL INCITEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The crime is formulated widely, liability for incitement is not only depended on {\emph{whether Y had committed the crime}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A person ought to only be charged with contravening {\bf{{\emph{s18(2)(b)}}}} if the incitement has been  {\bf{{\emph{unsuccessful}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If the incitement has been successful, X may be {\bf{{\emph{charged as co-perpetrator/accomplice}}}} to the commission of the main crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PURPOSE \& CONSTITUTIONALITY OF PROHIBITION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The reason for prohibition of incitement:} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{to prevent crime at an early stage before serious damage is done}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The aim:} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{*to discourage people who incite others to commit crimes} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THE CONSTITUTION VS STATUTORY OFFENCE OF INCITEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{In Economic Freedom Fighters v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the constitutionality  of the statutory offence of incitement was unsuccessfully challenged.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the basis for the challenge was premised on the offence set out in {\bf{{\emph{s18(2)(b)}}}} that it unjustifiably infringed the right to {\bf{FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION}} contained {\bf{{\emph{s16 of the Constitution}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: INCITEMENT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{the court held as follows:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{That while the provision infringes {\emph{s16 of the Constitution}},} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} such an infringement is reasonable and justifiable ito the {\bf{{\emph{limitation clause}}}} contained in {\bf{{\emph{s36(1) of the Constitution}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the restriction on {\bf{FREEDOM OF SPEECH}} arising out of this provision, is not wholesale in nature but merely a prevention on influencing the minds of others to commit unlawful acts} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{in applying this analysis}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the court returned to the purpose of the prohibition of incitement and;} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{to ensure that, "we do not live in a society of fear, marked by the threat of acts which have already been determined as undesirable and unlawful"} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{HOWEVER, the majority in ECONOMIC FREEDOM FIGHTERS v MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND CORRECTIONAL SERVICES}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The court took a different view, holding that:} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the infringement on the right to freedom of expression, inherent in the fact that {\bf{s18(2)(b)}} criminalises incitement to commit any offence was not justifiable} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} the court chose to read in the word "serious offences"} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} this merely enables the provision to still subsist, until the legislature redrafts it to make it constitutionality compliant.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THE ACT OF INCITEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: INCITEMENT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{A) Influencing}} another to commit a crime} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} an inciter is one who reaches and seeks to influence the kind of another to the commission of a crime} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*\textasciitilde{}}} the crime is completed the moment X influences Y in some other way} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{B) Ways}} in which incitement may be committed} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} incitement may be explicit or implied} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{C) Conduct}} that does not qualify as incitement} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{if X merely describes to Y the pros and cons of a proposed commission}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{D) The concretization}} (final steps/stages) requirement} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{X's words which he addresses to Y should not be too vague or equivocal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{a)}} the type of crime to be committed by Y must be adequately specified} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{b)}} X must specify the person, group of persons or object in respect of which the crime should be committed} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{ what is not required is that X should know the identity of the person or persons incited}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{c)}} Incitement by omission not possible} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{INTENTION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{a) GENERAL -}} incitement {\emph{can never}} be incited negligently} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ b)}} X must believe that Y will have the required intention} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{c)}} Exceeding the limits of the incited crimes} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{X's liability  for incitement is limited to the incitement contained in her words of incitement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: INCITEMENT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{d)}} Incitement subject to a condition} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{INCITEMENT TO COMMIT THE IMPOSSIBLE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X incites Y to put her hand in Z's pocket and steal money from the pocket.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} X believes that there is money in Z's pocket, but there isn't} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} This is referred to as incitement to commit theft} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{CHAIN INCITEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Incitement is possible if X does not incite Y, to commit the crime herself but engages Y to commit the crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{IMPOSSIBLE TO INCITE A PERSON WHO LACKS CRIMINAL CAPACITY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Incitement is only possible in respect of someone  who is endowed with criminal capacity.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCITEMENT, CONSPIRACY \& ATTEMPT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1) Attempt to commit incitement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{x posts a letter to Y in which she incites Y to commit a crime, but the letter is intercepted in the post.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2) Incitement to attempt}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{x gives y a firearm loaded with blank cartridges and asks Y to shoot Z}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3) Overlapping between incitement \& attempt}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{certain acts of incitement may qualify as attempts to commit the main crime}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{4) Overlapping between incitement \& conspiracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{* If x incites y to commit a crime, and Y agrees to do so, conspiracy is present.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: INCITEMENT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{S18(2)(b) of the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956}}}} says, if the inciter is found guilty, she is {\emph{'liable on conviction to the punishment to which a person convicted of actually committing the offence would be liable'}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}