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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (learning-unit-1-participation-in-crime.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (LEARNING UNIT 1 - PARTICIPATION IN CRIME Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{LEARNING UNIT 1 - PARTICIPATION IN CRIME Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/44168/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO1: Define a perpetrator in the commission of a crime and differentiate between different types of perpetrators}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{A person is a PERPETRATOR if}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{a)}} his conduct, the circumstances in which it takes place and the culpability with which it is carried out are such that he satisfies all the requirements for liability;} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{b)}} if he acted together with one or more persons and the conduct required for a conviction is imputed to him by virtue of the principles relating to common purpose.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The different persons who may be involved in the commission of a crime are divided into {\bf{{\emph{3 categories: perpetrators, accomplices \& accessories after the fact.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ACCOMPLICE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Somebody who does not satisfy all the requirements for liability contained in the definition of the crime;} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{does not qualify for liability ito the principles relating to {\emph{common purpose}} {\bf{BUT}} who {\bf{{\emph{unlawfully and intentionally}}}} furthers its commission by somebody else.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Consciously associates themselves with the commission of a crime by assisting the \seqsplit{perpetrator/co-perpetrators}, giving them information/advice }}OR{\bf{ offering them the opportunity or means to commit the crime or facilitate its commission.}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{a) somebody who, {\emph{after the commission of the crime,}} {\bf{unlawfully and intentionally}} helps the perpetrator or accomplice to escape liability.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{b) only comes in {\bf{AFTER}} the commission of the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{CO-PERPETRATORS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If several persons commit a crime together, it is unnecessary to single out who can be the perpetrator and that helpers, must necessarily fall into a different category.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} not always practical to identify one principle perpetrator as the {\bf{{\emph{principle offender}}}} or {\bf{{\emph{actual perpetrator}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} if several people commit a crime and all comply with all the requirements for perpetrators, they are simply {\bf{{\emph{co-perpetrators}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} two persons may act in such a way that each {\bf{{\emph{contributes equally}}}} to the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DIRECT \& INDIRECT PERPETRATORS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{a)}} An indirect perpetrator is somebody who commits a crime through the instrumentality of another. {\bf{b)}} the distinction that may be drawn between direct \& indirect perpetrators is irrelevant. {\bf{c)}} direct/indirect perpetrators are suitable terms to describe a {\bf{factual situation.}} {\bf{d)}} the difference between the two has no bearing on a person's liability} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LIABILITY OF PERPETRATOR NOT ACCESSORY IN NATURE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{a)}} liability of a \seqsplit{perpetrator/co-perpetrator} is based on his own act and his own culpability.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{b)}} DOES NOT depend on the commission of a crime by somebody else; his liability is completely independent} \tn 
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% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO 2: Explain the need for and the role of the doctrine of common purpose}}} \tn 
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% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{NECESSITY OF DOCTRINE OF COMMON PURPOSE}}} \tn 
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% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} If several people acting together killed 'Y', it is always impossible to ascertain with certainty who amongst them contributed casually to 'Y's' death} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} It may be without a doubt that at least one of the group, namely the shooter, caused Y's death but there are also situations in which the conduct of no single one of them can with certainty be described as a cause of Y's death.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO3: Define the doctrine of common purpose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON PURPOSE: SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES}}} \tn 
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% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Courts apply a scientific doctrine to enable it to convict several people acting together of murder - {\bf{{\emph{doctrine of common purpose}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} If 2 or more people, having a common purpose to commit a crime, act together in order to achieve that purpose, the conduct of each of them in the execution of that purpose is imputed to the others.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} In a charge of having committed a crime which involves the causing of a certain result, the conduct imputed includes the causing of such result} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} Conduct by a member of the group of persons having a {\emph{common purpose}} which different from the conduct envisaged in the said common purpose may not be imputed to another member of the group unless the latter knew that such other conduct would be committed, or foresaw the possibility that it might be committed \& reconciled himself to that possibility.} \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4)}} A finding that a person acted together with one or more other persons in a {\emph{common purpose}} is not dependent upon proof of a prior conspiracy. Such a finding may be inferred from the conduct of a person or persons.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5)}} A finding that a person acted together with one or more other persons in a {\emph{common purpose}} may be based upon the first-mentioned person's active association in the execution of the particular criminal act of the other participant(s). {\bf{HOWEVER,}} in a charge of murder this rule applies only if the active association took place while the deceased was still alive and before a mortal wound or mortal wounds had been inflicted by the person or persons with whose conduct such first-mentioned person associated himself.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{6)}} If, on a charge of culpable homicide the evidence reveals that a number of persons acted with a {\emph{common purpose}} to assault or commit robbery and that the conduct of one or more of them resulted in the death of the victim, the causing of the victim's death is imputed to the other members of the group as well, but {\emph{negligence}} in respect of the causing of the death is not imputed.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON PURPOSE - GENERAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- If 2 or more people in acting in {\emph{common purpose}} to commit a crime, the conduct of each of them in the execution of that purpose is imputed to the others.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\emph{Common purpose}} is not couched in general terms and therefore, not confined to one type of crime only. {\bf{{\emph{mostly found within the context of the crime of murder}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The persons must all have had the intention to murder and to assist one another in committing the murder.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- The {\emph{basis of the doctrine}} is the idea that each member of that plot gave the other an implied mandate to execute the unlawful criminal act.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIOR CONSPIRACY \& ACTIVE ASSOCIATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Restrictions to common purpose doctrine}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} If reliance is placed on a prior agreement or conspiracy between the participants, it is enough to prove that X agreed with the wide and general common design of conspirators.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} If reliance is placed not on a previous conspiracy, but on active association, there must be proof that X associated himself, not with the wide and general common design, but with the specific act, whereby the other participants committed the crime.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{COMMON PURPOSE AND DOLUS EVENTUALIS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{For X to have a {\emph{common purpose}} with others to commit murder, it is not necessary that his intention to kill be present in the form of {\bf{{\emph{dolus directus}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is enough if his intention takes the form of {\bf{{\emph{dolus eventualis}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{COMMON PURPOSE IN CHARGES OF CULPABLE HOMICIDE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. One cannot intend to be negligent} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. An inference can be drawn that the {\emph{common purpose doctrine}} can never be applied to convict people of {\emph{culpable homicide}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. If there are difficulties in proving causation, the doctrine can be applied in charges of {\emph{culpable homicide}}, see decision in {\bf{{\emph{Nkwenja, Magmoed v Janse van Rensburg, read with Sefatsa}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO5: Evaluate the constitutionality of the doctrine of common purpose with reference to applicable case law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{COMMON PURPOSE DOCTRINE IS CONSTITUTIONAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In {\bf{{\emph{Thebus,}}}} the {\bf{ConCourt}} held that the doctrine is compatible with the Constitution.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} X's rights to dignity \& freedom aren't infringed} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} If the doctrine didn't exist,} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) there would have been acceptable situations convicting only the person who had actually committed the principle act} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2) whereas those who have intentionally contributed to the commission of the crime would have been guilty.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO4: Identify the requirements of an effective withdrawal from a common purpose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} To escape conviction on the ground of a withdrawal from the {\emph{common purpose}}, X must have clear intention to withdraw from such a purpose;} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} To succeed with the defence of withdrawal, X must perform some {\bf{positive act}} of withdrawal;} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} The withdrawal must be voluntary, if X withdraws upon discovering that the police had uncovered the plot, the withdrawal is not voluntary;} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4)}} The withdrawal will amount to a defence only if it takes place before the course of events start taking place;} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5)}} The type of act required for an effective withdrawal depends  upon a number of circumstances} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{6)}} The role played by X in planning to commit the crime has a strong influence on the type of conduct which the law requires him to perform t succeed with a defence of withdrawal} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ACTIVE ASSOCIATION IN COMMON PURPOSE}}} \tn 
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% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It follows that prior agreement is not the only form of common purpose liability.} \tn 
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% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2 categories of common purpose}}} \tn 
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% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} where there is prior agreement to commit a common offence;} \tn 
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% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} where liability arises from an {\bf{{\emph{active association}}}} and participation in a common criminal design with the requisite intention to commit a crime} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If there is no proof of prior agreement, the following {\bf{5 REQUIREMENTS}} must be met according to the decision in {\bf{{\emph{Mgedezi}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} X must have been present at the scene of the crime;} \tn 
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% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} X must have been aware of the assault on Y;} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} X must have intended to make common cause with the person or persons committing the assault;} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4)}} X must have manifested his sharing of a common purpose by himself performing some act of association with the conduct of others;} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5)}} X must have intended to kill Y} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 2: JOINING-IN (LATE-COMER)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO6: Define a "joiner in" (late-comer) and apply the definition to a factual scenario in S v Motaung}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{X, acting either on his own or together with others in a {\emph{common purpose}}, has already wounded Y lethally.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THEREAFTER}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} While Y is still alive, Z, who has not previously (expressly or tacitly) agreed with X or his associates to kill Y, arrives at the scene \& inflicts an injury on Y, which blow does not hasten his death;} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Y dies from the wound inflicted by X}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The person in Z's position is referred to as {\bf{{\emph{"joiner-in"}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: ACCOMPLICES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO7: Define an accomplice with reference to case law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A person is guilty of a crime as an accomplice if he, {\bf{{\emph{unlawfully \& intentionally}}}} engages in conduct whereby he furthers the commission of a crime by somebody else.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} By furthers is meant, any conduct whereby a person {\bf{{\emph{facilitates, assists/emcourages}}}} the commission of a crime, gives advice concerning its commission or makes it possible for another to commit it.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{REQUIREMENTS FOR LIABILITY AS AN ACCOMPLICE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} Accessory nature of liability} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} Act/Omission which furthers the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} Unlawfulness} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4)}} Intention} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{IMPOSSIBILITY OF BEING AN ACCOMPLICE TO MURDER}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} For a person to be an accomplice to murder, he would intentionally have to further somebody else's commission of the crime, without his own conduct qualifying as a co-cause of the death.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} If his conduct is a co-cause of the death - {\bf{{\emph{he is a co-perpetrator}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} It is impossible for somebody to be an accomplice to murder} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} One cannot further Y's death without casually furthering it.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{The same punishment may be imposed on an accomplice as on the perpetrator}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 3: ACCOMPLICES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{This doesn't mean the court may not in certain circumstances impose a heavier or lighter sentence on an accomplice than on the perpetrator}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The extent to which the accomplice furthered the commission of the crime plays an important role in determining the extent of the punishment.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 4: ACCESSORIES AFTER THE FACT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LO9: Examine this category of participation in the commission of a crime with reference to the need for its continued existence in our criminal law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DEFINITION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A person is an accessory after the fact to the commission of a crime if, after the completion of a crime, he {\bf{{\emph{unlawfully \& intentionally}}}} engages in conduct intended to enable the perpetrator of, or accomplice in, the crime to evade liability for his crime, or to facilitate such a person's evasion of liability.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ASSISTING THE PERPETRATOR TO EVADE LIABILITY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} An accessory after the fact protects either the {\bf{co-perpetrator or accomplice}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} X must commit some act whereby he enables a person who has committed a crime to evade liability} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THUS,}} X does not commit the crime if he is a witness to the commission of a crime to which he is not a party, and simply quietly walks away.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The position is different if X is a policeman, an omission by him to report the commission of a crime amounts to being accessory after the fact.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{INTENTION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1)}} {\bf{The Accessory after the fact}} must render his assistance intentionally} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2)}} He must know that the person he is helping committed the crime} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3)}} He must intend to enable the perpetrator of or accomplice in the offence to evade liability for his offence, or to facilitate such a person's evasion of liability.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEME 4: ACCESSORIES AFTER THE FACT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4)}} {\bf{{\emph{Dolus Eventualis}}}} may suffice} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5)}} One is capable of being an accessory after the fact in respect of a crime requiring {\bf{{\emph{negligence}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ACCESSORY CHARACTER OF LIABILITY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} There can only be an accessory after the fact if somebody else has committed the crime as a perpetrator.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} One cannot be an accessory after the fact for a crime committed by oneself.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} If the person who helps the perpetrator after the commission of the offence agrees with him before its commission to assist him {\bf{{\emph{thereafter,}}}} the picture changes completely.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PUNISHMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} {\bf{Section 257 of Criminal Procedure Act}} provides that, the punishment of an accessory after the fact may not exceed the punishment which may be imposed in respect of the crime committed by the perpetrator.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} {\bf{The Accessory After the Fact}} did not participate in the actual crime, he is usually sentences more leniently than the perpetrator.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE SAFATSA JUDGEMNT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THE FACTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} A crowd of about 100 people attacked Y, who was in his house} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} They pelted the house with stones, hurling petrol bombs through windows} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} Catching him as he was fleeing from his burning house, stoning him, pouring petrol over him and setting him alight} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The appellants {\bf{(6)}} were part of the crowd} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{COURT'S FINDING}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Their conduct consisted of acts such as grabbing hold of Y} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{-}} wrestling with him, throwing stones at him, exhorting the crowd to kill, forming part of the crowd which attacked him, making petrol bombs and setting Y's house alight} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{UNANIMOUSE JUDGEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The court confirmed the convictions of the six accused who were convicted of murder} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The court based its conviction on the {\bf{{\emph{doctrine of common purpose}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}} The court found that they all had the {\emph{common purpose}} to kill Y} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}