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\author{Gomolemo Ralepeli}
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  /Title (introduction-to-business-management-south-africa.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Gomolemo Ralepeli)
  /Subject (Introduction to Business Management (South Africa) Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Introduction to Business Management (South Africa) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Gomolemo Ralepeli} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163284/cs/34202/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Gomolemo Ralepeli \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/gomolemo-ralepeli} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th October, 2022.\\
   Updated 6th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{POLC CYCLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PLANNING}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Establish mission statement. Determine specific objectives. Select strategies. Implement programs. Review \& Evaluate.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ORGANIZING}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Determine the way the business will operate. Choose tasks to be done. Determine the input mix. Assign tasks. Delegate authority and responsibility.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LEADING}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Give clear directions. Set the example. Communicate. Motivate.} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{CONTROLLING}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Assess and monitor performance. Compare with set standards. Identify variants. Take remedial action.} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors of Production}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{The inputs needed to produce goods and services.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Land (Natural Resources):}} anything taken from nature to provide goods and services. Resources found in sea, earth and air.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Capital:}} money and assets invested into the business. Includes human capital who bring in their knowledge and skills} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Labour:}} employees who put in the physical and mental effort into the production process.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Entrepreneurship:}} combining the above factors to produce something that is of value or useful to consumers.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Interaction with Communities (CSR)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Businesses and communities can mutually benefit from interacting with one another.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Businesses often hire people in their community to work as employees and managers and compensate them with wages and salaries for their time. {\bf{Therefore, they provide their employees with the income they use to satisfy their needs \& wants.}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Businesses help improve the {\bf{infrastructure}} of the community.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Businesses recognize that they are dependent on the support of the community and, therefore, help the communities they operate in with {\bf{CSI \& CSR initiatives}}, like providing bursaries, skills development, donations, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Internal (Micro) Environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Also known as the {\bf{decision-making}} environment, organizations have control have control of this environment.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Factors of the Micro Environment}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Strengths \& Weaknesses:}} Organizations must be able to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Their {\emph{strengths}} are what they excel at and their {\emph{weaknesses}} are what they need to improve.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Vision \& Mission:}} The {\emph{vision}} is where the organization sees itself in the future and the {\emph{mission}} is the organization's plan of action on they'll achieve the vision.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Goals \& Objectives:}} {\emph{Goals}} are long-term targets, whereas, {\emph{objectives}} are short-term, specific targets.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Culture, Diversity \& Ethics:}} {\emph{Culture}} are values and beliefs that form the identity of the organization. {\emph{Diversity}} is the unique differences in the individuals in the organizations. These should be appreciated and embraced. {\emph{Ethics}} are accepted principles of right and wrong.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{All the resources, technology and processes the business uses to produce their products and services form part of this environment.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The External Environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Consists of factors the organization has no control over.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Understanding the Opportunities \& Threats:}} The impact of these lies in how the organization reacts to them. Changes expose whether or not the organization has adequately prepared though contingency planning as well as expose if they have a lack of expertise and skills.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SWOT Analysis:}} Brings together all the factors that management deal with in the external and internal environment.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The External (Market) Environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Also known as the {\emph{task}} environment. Falls just under the boundaries of an organization. Organizations have no control but can have an influence on the environment.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Customers:}} most important factor in the environment. Organization must properly monitor changes in the needs and wants of consumers in order to maintain their market share. {\bf{THE BIGGER THE MARKET SHARE=THE HIGHER THE TURNOVER}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Competitors:}} those that challenge the organization for their market share as they compete for the same/similar customers. The organization must be innovative and work to constantly improve the quality of their products to keep up with their competitors. They must also be aware of their rivals' advertising strategies, their price and their products.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Distributors:}} organizations that are outsourced for supplies and deliveries of goods and services. These intermediaries have the expertise and specialized skills to fulfill functions that the organization may lack or can't afford to do themselves.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Suppliers:}} provide input resources. Organization's relationship with suppliers must be protected and maintained as the {\emph{survival of the business}} depends on it.} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Labour Force:}} {\emph{the most important asset and biggest investment in a business.}} Therefore, businesses must consistently nurture and invest in their human resources by providing good working conditions, offer better pay, offer skills development opportunities and ensure all their needs are met.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The External (Macro) Environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Organization has {\bf{0}} control. These factors affect decision-making, performance and strategies. Includes the {\bf{PEST analysis}}.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Economic:}} includes foreign exchange rates, inflation, wages paid to employees, taxes, cost of raw materials \& prices at which goods and services are sold.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Technological:}} enables transformation of inputs into outputs and the knowledge, techniques and skills used to do so. Significant driver of change in the external environment.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Political-Legal:}} the way in which government provides framework within which organizations can operate and function. Directly affects the operations of businesses.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Demographic \& Cultural:}} includes race, age, gender, class \& levels of education of the people the organization serves and employs.} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{International Factors:}} trends \& developments of the international market. Can be both a threat and opportunity for/to the organization when utilized and monitored.} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Ecological:}} environmental concerns that can affect the way an organization interacts with the environment. Organizations face huge pressures from consumers to operate in an environmentally sustainable and eco-friendly fashion.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organizational Behaviour}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The study and understanding of the behaviour of the organization as well as the behaviour of its members, individuals and teams. It is the study of:} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. the {\bf{nature and purpose}} of the organization} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. the {\bf{human element}} and behaviour of people} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. business {\bf{strategy}}, organizational processes and execution of work} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. the {\bf{process of management}} as an integrating part and {\bf{coordinating}} activity} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. {\bf{social}} responsibilities and business {\bf{ethics}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. the {\bf{external environment}} of the organization} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{7. the need for organization {\bf{success and survival}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Entrepreneurship \& Small Business}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ENTREPRENEURS}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Motivated by growth \& expansion} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Embrace risk} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Focused on future opportunities} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Embrace creativity \& innovation} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SMALL BUSINESSES}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Motivated by profit \& sales} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Avoid risk} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Focused on the current operations} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Often content with size of the business \& aren't very innovative} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Entrepreneurship}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{What is Entrepreneurship?}} Creating \& building something of value from nothing in the midst of uncertainty and risk. Plays a large role in the economic growth of {\emph{developed \& developing}} countries.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Common Characteristics:}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1. Creativity -}} produce new and original ideas or changing an existing business into an entrepreneurial one.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2. Innovation -}} developing better products/services \& processes/techniques. New and better ways of doing things. {\emph{Often linked to creativity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3. Commitment \& Determination -}} ability to stay focused and persevere to reach one's goals. Staying disciplined and persistent.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4. Ability to Deal with Risk -}} often see risks as opportunities and seizes them despite the dangers, {\bf{AFTER}} calculations. {\bf{RISK=UNCERTAINTY}} but {\bf{THE HIGH THE RISK, THE HIGHER THE REWARDS}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5. Opportunity-orientated -}} constantly on the lookout for opportunities that could generate profits as well as finding ways improve existing/familiar industries.} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Types of Entrepreneurs}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1. Corporate Entrepreneurs:}} work in and manage an existing business for a salary.} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2. Technopreneurs:}} combine entrepreneurial and technological skills in the Tech industry.} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3. Copreneurs:}} co-owner, often couples, that combine their different strengths \& experience.} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4. Social Entrepreneurs:}} exist to develop and benefit the community. Their profit is used to uplift the community and society. {\bf{STILL PROFIT DRIVEN}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Small Business}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{What is a Small Business?}} There is no universal definition. Just means micro, small and medium enterprises. Definition is based on qualitative \& quantitative criteria.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Qualitative Criteria:}} use as a simple organizational structure (hierarchy) that is independent \& privately owned and managed.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Quantitative Criteria:}} the turnover/income; number of employees; total number of assets; number of business units (departments)} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SOUTH AFRICAN National Small Business Amendment Act No. of 29 of 2004 defines small business as:}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{"A separate and distinct entity, including co-operative enterprises \& non-governmental organizations, managed by one or more owner/s, which including its branches and subsidiaries, if any, is predominantly carried on in any sector or sub-sector of the economy...which can be classified as a micro, a very small, a small or medium enterprise."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forms of Ownership}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Company:}} an association of shareholders incorporated in terms of the {\bf{Companies Act No. 71 of 2008}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics:}} they are more complicated and advanced, have their own legal personality and authority \& control over the company = {\bf{BOARD OF DIRECTORS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Split into 2 separate categories: {\bf{PRIVATE}} \& {\bf{PUBLIC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PRIVATE COMPANIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. 1-50 members} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. members provide capital} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. general public cannot buy shares} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. limited transferability of shares} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. name ends with {\bf{(PTY) Ltd}} - proprietary limited} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. have fewer legal requirements than public companies} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{PUBLIC COMPANIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. minimum of 7 shareholders. Maximum shareholders is only limited by number of shares issued to the public.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. shareholders provide capital (share capital)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. general public invited to buy shares} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. shares are freely transferrable @ the {\bf{JSE}} (Johannesburg Stock Exchange)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. name ends with {\bf{Ltd}} (limited)} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. have more legal requirements} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Establishment Procedures}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{ADVANTAGES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forms of Ownership (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Companies have a legal personality} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Can continue if a shareholder leaves or dies} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Shares of Public Company are transferrable which leads to expansion opportunities} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. They have set a organizational structure (hierarchy)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. There is more sources of finance} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DISADVANTAGES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Very complicated to start} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. There are many establishment costs = very expensive to start} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Required to disclose financial statements, therefore its very difficult to keep financial secrets from competitors} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Employees do not have a personal interest in the business} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Shareholders have very little contact with their investment} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Due to size, there is very little personal contact among people} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why is Management Important?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Resources are used effectively and efficiently to achieve organizational goals and professional development, while contributing to a more sustainable society.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Management tasks (planning, organizing, leading and controlling) help businesses {\bf{reduce costs}}, deliver {\bf{quality}} products/services \& remain {\bf{competitive}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Reduce {\bf{duplication}} of tasks by having people with relevant {\bf{skills \& qualifications}}, who know who they report to and are held {\bf{accountable \& responsible}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Nurtures {\bf{good working relationships}} to contribute to success of the business} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Developing organizations that are {\bf{responsive}} to changes in the business environment} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Ensure {\bf{quality}} goods and services are produced to ensure good reputation of the organization} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Self-Management Skills}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Self-management is the behaviour one must adopt to see the desired change in their life or workplace. These skills are vital for managers to optimize their performance.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Self-Motivation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Giving yourself a reason to act is vital to achievement and success. Includes committing yourself to doing your best and learning from your failures as well as recognizing your core beliefs as they form the center of your thoughts. {\bf{CHALLENGES = MOTIVATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Self-Control}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SELF-CONTROL=MANAGING YOUR EMOTIONS}} Good managers try to remain composed and self-controlled, they also recognize their feelings and know how to control them. Includes thinking clearly and acting deliberately, even in high-stress situations, as well as remaining positive in an apparently negative situation.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Emotional Intelligence}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The ability to manage your own emotions and those of other people. Daniel Goleman, identified five characteristics which include {\bf{self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, social skills \& empathy.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Components of Emotional Intelligence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Self-Awareness}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Knowing and understanding your own emotions.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Motivation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Directing your own emotions towards positive outcomes. Always being optimistic.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Self-Regulation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Controlling and managing your own negative emotions and behaviours.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Empathy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ability to feel the same way as your subordinates and employees. Includes being sensitive to differences in cultures, gender \& personalities.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Social Skills}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Being able to communicate with and influence other people.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managerial Skills}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cognitive Skills}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Analyze a situation. Distinguish between cause and effect. {\emph{COGNITIVE=THINKING AHEAD}}. Abstract thinking helps managers have a holistic view of the inner workings, promotes clear analytical thinking and adapt to new ideas and experience. Based on intuition, ability to argue constructively, think on one's feet, see things holistically and think critically.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Technical Skills}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Specialized knowledge and ability to carry out specific tasks. First line managers, specifically, need to have these skills. {\bf{JOB SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE \& TECHNIQUES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Human Skills}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ability to understand, alter, lead \& control the behaviours of people \& groups. Good communication and ability to interact for a successful completion of tasks. Includes ability to work with, motivate \& direct groups and individuals in the organizaion.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managerial Competencies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Competent}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Refers to skills, knowledge \& experience. Its a function of one's intelligence \& acquired through learning. Its visible \& evidenced through one's qualifications} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Competency}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Underlying personal characteristics and attributes. Its one's in-born abilities and is a function one's natural abilities. Its often difficult to measure.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{"Sets of {\emph{knowledge, skills, behaviours \& attributes}} that a person needs and develops to be effective in their profession and within an organization." \newline There is no list of competencies that defines an effective and efficient manager, managing depends on influencing factors.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Responsibility}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Organization's commitment to following policies \& activities that benefit the society. Organizations need to be responsible from economic, legal and ethical perspectives.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Done through {\bf{Corporate Social Investment}} programs. Result in increased staff morale and improved organizational reputation.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Responsibility}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Organization's commitment to following policies \& activities that benefit the society. Organizations need to be responsible from economic, legal and ethical perspectives.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Done through {\bf{Corporate Social Investment}} programs. Result in increased staff morale and improved organizational reputation.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Management Theory \& Practice}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are four main approaches.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Traditional Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Emphasis on managing work efficiently in organizations. Notable changes in the work environment that include improvement in technology\& communication technologies that influence operations.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Behavioural Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Focus on human behaviours and relations and was introduced in the 1920s. Changes in the type of work, its nature, and the legal \& political considerations.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Quantitative Approaches}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Process of measuring in terms of quantity, numbers \& amounts. Its a more logical approach to management. Use mathematical \& statistical measurements.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Contemporary Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Response to limitations of traditional, behavioural \& quantitative approaches.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Traditional Approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Bureaucratic Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Developed by Max Weber.}} Organizations is run based on rules \& procedures. {\emph{Five principles include: well-defined hierarchy, formal rules \& procedures, impersonality, specialization of work \& competence.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Scientific Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Focuses on work employees do. {\bf{Developed by Frederick W. Taylor.}} {\emph{Four principles include: scientifically study each task \& best method of performing it, choose employees carefully \& train them to perform a task using the method, watch \& work with employees to ensure they use proper methods \& delegate work responsibilities.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Administrative Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Developed by Henry Fayol.}} *Fourteen principles include: division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative \& espirit de corps} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Behavioural Approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Human Relations Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Focuses on the relationship aspect of management.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Maslow's Theory of Motivation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{self-actualization, esteem, love \& belonging, safety \& physiological.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{McGregor's Theory of Leadership}}*} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THEORY X}} - employees don't enjoy work, want to be told what to do and punishment is used to get them to do the work.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{THEORY Y}} - employees enjoy their work \& want to direct \& control their own actions, have responsibilities be involved in the problem - solving processes of organizational changes.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Developed by Mary Parker Follet, Hawthorne Studies, Abraham Maslow \& Douglas McGregor.}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantitative Approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Operations Management Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Help managers make organizational decisions like production planning, quality control \& inventory planning.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{This approach has taught organizations to use quantitative methods for decision making – organize information into logical categories. The methods allow managers to set definite targets by creating numerical goals. Managers are able to monitor the various production  processes – can access information easily} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The methods ignore human and social relations. Managers do not have the chance to develop the human  skills needed to manage people} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contemporary Approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Systems Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Focuses on organization as a system. Looks at inputs, transformation \& outputs. A system can be opened {\bf{(interacts with the environment through feedback)}} {\bf{OR}} closed {\bf{(little or no interaction)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Contingency Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Suggest that managerial action is dependent on the situation. There isn't one way to run an organization - managers must adapt \& change.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Quality Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{This approach requires that all those working  in the organization contribute to ensuring the production of high-quality products \& services.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Learning Organizational Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Make sure vision is understood and that employees commit to it. Creates a corporate culture. Employees understand their job, how to do it \& how to add value to customers.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Entrepreneurial Management Approach}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{To remain sufficiently knowledgeable to lead organizations, managers find new ways of thinking about management} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Planning}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A detailed guideline to achieve the goals of the organizations. Involves goals \& objectives and developing a strategy to achieve them.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Provides basis for managerial tasks} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Lays down standard in controlling performance \& the actions plans to achieve them} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Gives a sense of direction and purpose} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Planning is future orientated} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Can minimize any negative outcomes of change and uncertainty} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Planning facilitates decision making} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{7. Planning promotes innovative ideas} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{8. Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{9. Planning minimizes bad decisions} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{10. Planning promotes co-ordination between different departments.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{11. Planning allows an organization to allocate its resources in the best way possible.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Planning Levels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Strategic-Board Level}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{High degree of uncertainty, long-term, considers whole organization} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Tactical - Middle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Medium-term, use of existing assets and resources.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Operational-First-line}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Short-term, day to day \& detailed} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Plans}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SPECIFIC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Clearly defined and no room for misunderstandings} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{DIRECTIONAL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{General guidelines and allow flexibility \& provide focus.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{SINGLE-USE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Specific situations. Used once and never again.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{STANDING}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ongoing plans \& performed repeatedly.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Planning Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Determine \& state the organizational objectives} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Assess threats \& opportunities} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Assess strengths \& weaknesses} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. List alternative ways of reaching objectives} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Choose the best alternative for reaching objectives} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Develop strategies to pursue the chosen alternative} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{7. Implement the plans} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{8. Control \& assess results} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{9. Repeat planning process} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Decisions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Routine}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Supported by established rule or operating procedures.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Adaptive}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Made in response to relatively uncommon problems. Involves modifying or improving on past decisions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Innovative}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Based on identification of unusual or ambiguous problems. Development or implementation of creative solutions.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decision Making Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Define \& diagnose the problem} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Set goals} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Search for alternative solutions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Assess alternatives} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Choose between alternative solutions} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Implement the chosen alternative} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{7. Follow up \& control} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Repeat.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Assigning resources to tasks} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Clarifying responsibilities in the form of job descriptions, business charts and lines of authority.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Communicating employer expectations through rules, operating procedures \& performance standards} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Establishing procedures for collecting \& evaluating information to help managers make decisions \& solve problems.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reasons for Organizing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Allocating or assigns different responsibilities to each employee} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Allocation of accountability} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Establishes lines of communication} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Allocation of resources} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Improved teamwork \& synergy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organizing Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. This is continuous process enabling employees to work together more efficiently \& achieve the organization's goals} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. All employees should be aware of their responsibilities} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Poorly carried out organizing would result in confusion, frustration, loss of efficiency.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leadership Vs. Management}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{LEADERSHIP}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Challenge status quo \& bring about change} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Develop strategies for producing changes toward the vision} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Develop the organization's vision and set its direction} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Communicate the new direction \& get people involved} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Motivate \& inspire others} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{MANAGEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Interpersonal roles of {\emph{symbolic figurehead}}, liaising with key people \& supervising employees} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Informal roles of {\emph{information monitor}}, information disseminator \& spokesperson} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Decision-making roles of innovator, disturbance handler, resource allocator \& negotiator} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leadership \& Power}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Position}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Coercive Power} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Reward Power} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Legitimate Power} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Personal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Information Power} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Referent Power} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Leadership}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Personal Qualities} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Personal Philosophy} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Management Capabilities} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Working with colleagues \& employees} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Relationship skills} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Ability to plan, organize \& create vision} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}